{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:14:39Z","timestamp":1790723679044,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health Ricerca Corrente","award":["RC 2025-2027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC 2025-2027"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi","award":["RC 2025-2027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC 2025-2027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people worldwide and often results in long-term disabilities. Clinical outcomes vary widely even among patients with similar injury severity, partly due to systemic neuroinflammatory responses mediated by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Genetic polymorphisms in cytokine-coding genes may influence cytokine expression, thereby affecting rehabilitation and prognosis. We analyzed genetic polymorphisms in the TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-6 receptor, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-10 genes in 28 subacute TBI patients undergoing rehabilitation. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) and domain-specific scales for cognitive, motor, and functional recovery. Results were correlated with genetic profiles to identify potential predictive biomarkers. The IL-6-174 (GG) and IL-6R 1073 (AA) genotypes correlated with worse GOSE scores (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). Co-segregation of IL-6-174 - IL-6R 1073 G-A alleles was linked to poorer outcomes (p = 0.01). Patients with the TNF-\u03b1-308 (GA) genotype showed less improvement in Barthel and Mobility scores (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively) and had a higher incidence of post-traumatic confusional state after rehabilitation (p = 0.03). Overall, the TNF-\u03b1-308(GA), IL-6 -174(GG), and IL-6R 1073(AA) genotypes negatively impact rehabilitation outcomes, likely due to their role in enhancing neuroinflammation. Larger studies are needed to develop personalized therapies tailored to genetic profiles, aiming to improve rehabilitation outcomes for TBI patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14141056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T15:36:58Z","timestamp":1752161818000},"page":"1056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Role of Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Rehabilitation Outcome After Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9461-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franca Rosa","family":"Guerini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2022-3386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Agliardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Zanzottera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3051-1031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Caronni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Antolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara Camilla","family":"Derchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Atzori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5554-1697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Bolognesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5920-6191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Clerici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6084-019X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Comanducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, 20148 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iaccarino, C., Gerosa, A., and Viaroli, E. (2021). Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury. Traumatic Brain Injury: Science, Practice, Evidence and Ethics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78075-3_1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.001","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Medical Management","volume":"104","author":"Capizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakshmipathy, D., Rangarajan, S., Barreau, A., Lu, J., Kleinberg, G., and Lucke-Wold, B. (2024). Genetic Contributions to Recovery following Brain Trauma: A Narrative Review. Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.), 29.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2903103"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689717714102","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Treatment Strategies and Future Endeavors","volume":"26","author":"Galgano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"e41914","article-title":"Innovative Approaches and Therapies to Enhance Neuroplasticity and Promote Recovery in Patients With Neurological Disorders: A Narrative Review","volume":"15","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.21.06491-1","article-title":"Comorbidity in traumatic brain injury and functional outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Hanafy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-024-01382-7","article-title":"Immune Response in Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"24","author":"Olivella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freire, M.A.M., Rocha, G.S., Bittencourt, L.O., Falcao, D., Lima, R.R., and Cavalcanti, J.R.L.P. (2023). Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury: What Have We Learned So Far?. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12081139"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2792","article-title":"Cytokine gene polymorphisms and outcome after traumatic brain injury","volume":"30","author":"Waters","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715273318552240708055413","article-title":"Neurological Manifestations Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Role of Behavioral, Neuroinflammation, Excitotoxicity, Nrf-2 and Nitric Oxide","volume":"24","author":"Goyal","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02264-2","article-title":"Systemic inflammation alters the neuroinflammatory response: A prospective clinical trial in traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Lindblad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6979","article-title":"Early versus Late Profiles of Inflammatory Cytokines after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Their Association with Neuropsychological Outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Vedantam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porro, C., Cianciulli, A., and Panaro, M.A. (2020). The Regulatory Role of IL-10 in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10071017"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363645","article-title":"Cytokine gene polymorphism in human disease: On-line databases","volume":"1","author":"Bidwell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000143856.01669.e7","article-title":"Genetic influence on inflammation variables in the elderly","volume":"24","author":"Maat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1120","article-title":"In situ detection of inflammatory mediators in post mortem human brain tissue after traumatic injury","volume":"27","author":"Frugier","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-013-9515-1","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1, IL6, and IL10 polymorphisms and the effect of physical exercise on inflammatory parameters and physical performance in elderly women","volume":"35","author":"Pereira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1621","article-title":"The FAB: A Frontal Assessment Battery at bedside","volume":"55","author":"Dubois","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jrm11663","DOI":"10.2340\/jrm.v56.11663","article-title":"Italian translation and cultural adaptation of the Agitated Behavior Scale (ABS-I) in patients with acquired brain injuries","volume":"56","author":"Derchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"61","article-title":"Functional evaluation: The Barthel index","volume":"14","author":"Fi","year":"1965","journal-title":"Md. State Med. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1986.tb05480.x","article-title":"Performance-oriented assessment of mobility problems in elderly patients","volume":"34","author":"Tinetti","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7527","article-title":"A Manual for the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended Interview","volume":"38","author":"Wilson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1089\/neur.2023.0038","article-title":"Determining the Minimally Clinically Important Difference for the Disability Rating Scale in Persons With Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"4","author":"Hammond","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurotrauma Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-197911000-00004","article-title":"The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test: A practical scale to assess cognition after head injury","volume":"167","author":"Levin","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2048-7940.1998.tb02136.x","article-title":"Using the levels of cognitive functioning assessment scale with patients with traumatic brain injury in an acute care setting","volume":"23","author":"Flannery","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rehabil. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7290272","article-title":"SHEsis, a powerful software platform for analyses of linkage disequilibrium, haplotype construction, and genetic association at polymorphism loci","volume":"15","author":"Shi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2009.33","article-title":"A partition-ligation-combination-subdivision EM algorithm for haplotype inference with multiallelic markers: Update of the SHEsis (http:\/\/analysis.bio-x.cn)","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, R., Wang, N., Shang, Y., Li, H., Liu, Q., Li, L., and Zhao, X. (2022). TNF-\u03b1 (G-308A) Polymorphism, Circulating Levels of TNF-\u03b1 and IGF-1: Risk Factors for Ischemic Stroke-An Updated Meta-Analysis. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.831910"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-02822-6","article-title":"A Literature Review of Traumatic Brain Injury Biomarkers","volume":"7","author":"Ghaith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2004.06.018","article-title":"Association of bladder tumors and GA genotype of -308 nucleotide in tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter with greater tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression","volume":"64","author":"Jeong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, J., Su, Y., Wang, N., Wang, X., Hao, L., and Ren, C. (2024). A meta-analysis of the association between inflammatory cytokine polymorphism and neonatal sepsis. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301859"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadowski, K., Zaj\u0105c, W., Milanowski, \u0141., Koziorowski, D., and Figura, M. (2024). Exploring Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Modulating Inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Review of Inflammatory Markers and Potential Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147741"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2020.21.6.1623","article-title":"Associations of the -238(G\/A) and -308(G\/A) TNF-\u03b1 Promoter Polymorphisms and TNF-\u03b1 Serum Levels with the Susceptibility to Gastric Precancerous Lesions and Gastric Cancer Related to Helicobacter pylori Infection in a Moroccan Population","volume":"21","author":"Bounder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01282-2","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke","volume":"23","author":"Alsbrook","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.2c00196","article-title":"The Role of Neuroinflammatory Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review","volume":"13","author":"Erbakan","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3109\/02688699408995109","article-title":"The presence of tumour necrosis factor in CSF and plasma after severe head injury","volume":"8","author":"Ross","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glq056","article-title":"Inflammatory markers and physical performance among nonagenarians","volume":"65","author":"Tiainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/60.3.324","article-title":"Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons","volume":"60A","author":"Visser","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2007.01.026","article-title":"Associations of theplasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels with disability and mortality in the elderly in the Treviso Longeva (TRELONG) Study","volume":"44","author":"Gallucci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2010007500152","article-title":"Effects of 174 G\/C polymorphism in the promoter region of the interleukin-6 gene on plasma IL-6 levels and muscle strength in elderly women","volume":"44","author":"Pereira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2011.556107","article-title":"IL-6 polymorphism associated with fatal outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"25","author":"Regner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"673","article-title":"Effect of IL-6-174 G\/C polymorphism in predicting disability and functional outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (STBI)","volume":"122","author":"Sinh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2023.0135","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Janus-Faced Player in Damage and Repair","volume":"40","author":"Ciryam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-022-01827-y","article-title":"Interleukin-6 as a prognostic biomarker of clinical outcomes after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Ooi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, R.C., Freitag, D.F., Cutler, A.J., Howson, J.M., Rainbow, D.B., Smyth, D.J., Kaptoge, S., Clarke, P., Boreham, C., and Coulson, R.M. (2013). Functional IL6R 358Ala Allele Impairs Classical IL-6 Receptor Signaling and Influences Risk of Diverse Inflammatory Diseases. PLoS Genet., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003444"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2012.01886.x","article-title":"Interleukin-6 promoter polymorphism and plasma levels in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"80","author":"Zakharyan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Antigens"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakahara, Y., Kouro, T., Motoyama, S., Miura, M., Fujita, K., Igarashi, Y., Higashijima, N., Matsuo, N., Himuro, H., and Wei, F. (2024). Circulating IL-6 and not its circulating signaling components sIL-6R and sgp130 demonstrate clinical significance in NSCLC patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1324898"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calderone, A., Latella, D., Cardile, D., Gangemi, A., Corallo, F., Rifici, C., Quartarone, A., and Calabr\u00f2, R.S. (2024). The Role of Neuroinflammation in Shaping Neuroplasticity and Recovery Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111708"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-017-0266-9","article-title":"A study on relationship between elderly sarcopenia and inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1","volume":"22","author":"Bian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stratos, I., Behrendt, A.K., Anselm, C., Gonzalez, A., Mittlmeier, T., and Vollmar, B. (2022). Inhibition of TNF-\u03b1 Restores Muscle Force, Inhibits Inflammation, and Reduces Apoptosis of Traumatized Skeletal Muscles. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152397"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155582","article-title":"Role of IL-6 in the regulation of neuronal development, survival and function","volume":"144","author":"Kummer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKee, C.A., and Lukens, J.R. (2016). Emerging Roles for the Immune System in Traumatic Brain Injury. Front. Immunol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00556"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.13","article-title":"The far-reaching scope of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury","volume":"13","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/14\/1056\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:07:50Z","timestamp":1760033270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/14\/1056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cells14141056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14141056","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]}}}