{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T15:01:02Z","timestamp":1775487662873,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":181,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gastric cancer remains a major global health challenge, largely due to its biological heterogeneity and limited treatment options for advanced stages. Among the numerous molecular players involved in its pathogenesis, galectins\u2014\u03b2-galactoside-binding lectins\u2014have emerged as key modulators of tumor behavior. These multifunctional proteins influence diverse processes including cell proliferation, invasion, immune evasion, stromal remodeling, and therapy resistance. Recent advances in experimental and clinical research have shed light on the complex roles of galectin family members\u2014particularly Galectin-1, -3, and -9\u2014in shaping the tumor microenvironment and driving disease progression. This review highlights the current understanding of galectin biology in gastric cancer, with emphasis on their structural characteristics, cellular localization, functional diversity, and translational relevance. By synthesizing insights from molecular studies and clinicopathological observations, we explore the potential of galectins as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the evolving landscape of gastric cancer research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14141090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T15:48:22Z","timestamp":1752680902000},"page":"1090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Galectins as Master Regulators of Gastric Cancer Progression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6115-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojan","family":"Stojanovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milica","family":"Dimitrijevic Stojanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bojan","family":"Milosevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Spasic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bojana S.","family":"Stojanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Jakovljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nenad","family":"Zornic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danijela","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Nesic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"Paunovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Radosavljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nenad","family":"Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mladen","family":"Pavlovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Mirkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keshavjee, S.H., Moy, R.H., Reiner, S.L., Ryeom, S.W., and Yoon, S.S. (2022). Gastric Cancer and the Immune System: The Key to Improving Outcomes?. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14235940"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101404","article-title":"The current and future incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in 185 countries, 2020\u20132040: A population-based modelling study","volume":"47","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i12.1187","article-title":"Epidemiology of stomach cancer","volume":"28","author":"Ilic","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, W.S., Xie, F., Chen, B., Yu, P., Yu, J., To, K.F., and Kang, W. (2023). Updated Epidemiology of Gastric Cancer in Asia: Decreased Incidence but Still a Big Challenge. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15092639"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machlowska, J., Baj, J., Sitarz, M., Maciejewski, R., and Sitarz, R. (2020). Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Genomic Characteristics and Treatment Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114012"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002040","article-title":"Lauren Histologic Type Is the Most Important Factor Associated with Pattern of Recurrence Following Resection of Gastric Adenocarcinoma","volume":"267","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"251","article-title":"Gastric cancer: Classification, histology and application of molecular pathology","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5679","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i19.5679","article-title":"Pathohistological classification systems in gastric cancer: Diagnostic relevance and prognostic value","volume":"20","author":"Berlth","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/gastro\/goab050","article-title":"One stomach, two subtypes of carcinoma\u2014The differences between distal and proximal gastric cancer","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28999","article-title":"Global burden of gastric cancer attributable to Helicobacter pylori","volume":"136","author":"Plummer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5266","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i29.5266","article-title":"Contribution of galectin-1, a glycan-binding protein, to gastrointestinal tumor progression","volume":"23","author":"Bacigalupo","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo.2017.10.11","article-title":"HER-2\/neu gene amplification in gastric adenocarcinoma and its relationship with clinical and pathological findings","volume":"8","author":"Azarhoosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38501","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16258","article-title":"Early detection of gastric cancer using global, genome-wide and IRF4, ELMO1, CLIP4 and MSC DNA methylation in endoscopic biopsies","volume":"8","author":"Pirini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.26844","article-title":"Advances in screening and detection of gastric cancer","volume":"125","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H., Park, S., Kang, S.Y., Ahn, S., and Kim, K.-M. (2022). Peritoneal Seeding Is More Common in Gastric Cancer Patients with FGFR2 Amplification or High Tumor Mutation Burden. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102355"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28373","article-title":"Peritoneal carcinomatosis of gastric origin: A population-based study on incidence, survival and risk factors","volume":"134","author":"Thomassen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.12539","article-title":"Expression of galectin-1 in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts promotes gastric cancer cell invasion through upregulation of integrin \u03b21","volume":"105","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1402-x","article-title":"Galectin-1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma and the combined therapeutic effect of OTX008 galectin-1 inhibitor and sorafenib in tumor cells","volume":"38","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2102950118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2102950118","article-title":"Galectin-1 fosters an immunosuppressive microenvironment in colorectal cancer by reprogramming CD8(+) regulatory T cells","volume":"118","author":"Cagnoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-2418","article-title":"Targeting Galectin-1 Overcomes Breast Cancer-Associated Immunosuppression and Prevents Metastatic Disease","volume":"73","author":"Croci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5152\/tjg.2017.16346","article-title":"Prognostic value of tumoral expression of galectin-9 in gastric cancer","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001849","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001849","article-title":"Galectin-9 expression defines exhausted T cells and impaired cytotoxic NK cells in patients with virus-associated solid tumors","volume":"8","author":"Okoye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111564","article-title":"Exosomal Galectin-3 promotes peritoneal metastases in gastric adenocarcinoma via microenvironment alterations","volume":"28","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s004280050269","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection produces reversible glycosylation changes to gastric mucins","volume":"433","author":"Ota","year":"1998","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20249","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.004636","article-title":"Galectin binding to cells and glycoproteins with genetically modified glycosylation reveals galectin\u2013glycan specificities in a natural context","volume":"293","author":"Nielsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Troncoso, M.F., Elola, M.T., Blidner, A.G., Sarrias, L., Espelt, M.V., and Rabinovich, G.A. (2023). The universe of galectin-binding partners and their functions in health and disease. J. Biol. Chem., 299.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2023.105400"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.4.1383","article-title":"A beta-D-galactoside binding protein from electric organ tissue of Electrophorus electricus","volume":"72","author":"Teichberg","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs208884","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.208884","article-title":"Galectins at a glance","volume":"131","author":"Johannes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0361472","article-title":"Galectin-glycan lattices regulate cell-surface glycoprotein organization and signalling","volume":"36","author":"Garner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2055-7_1","article-title":"Galectins: An Ancient Family of Carbohydrate Binding Proteins with Modern Functions","volume":"2442","author":"Verkerke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapetanakis, N.I., and Busson, P. (2023). Galectins as pivotal components in oncogenesis and immune exclusion in human malignancies. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1145268"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00829-7","article-title":"The role of galectins in immunity and infection","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasta, G.R., Ahmed, H., Nita-Lazar, M., Banerjee, A., Pasek, M., Shridhar, S., Guha, P., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Robledo, J.A. (2012). Galectins as self\/non-self recognition receptors in innate and adaptive immunity: An unresolved paradox. Front. Immunol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00199"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2026246118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026246118","article-title":"Galectin-3 promotes noncanonical inflammasome activation through intracellular binding to lipopolysaccharide glycans","volume":"118","author":"Lo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Videla-Richardson, G.A., Morris-Hanon, O., Torres, N.I., Esquivel, M.I., Vera, M.B., Ripari, L.B., Croci, D.O., Sevlever, G.E., and Rabinovich, G.A. (2021). Galectins as Emerging Glyco-Checkpoints and Therapeutic Targets in Glioblastoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010316"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.09.011","article-title":"Galectin-1 research in T cell immunity: Past, present and future","volume":"142","author":"Dimitroff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nebbia, G., Peppa, D., Schurich, A., Khanna, P., Singh, H.D., Cheng, Y., Rosenberg, W., Dusheiko, G., Gilson, R., and ChinAleong, J. (2012). Upregulation of the Tim-3\/galectin-9 pathway of T cell exhaustion in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047648"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01868-3","article-title":"Targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways for cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manero-Rup\u00e9rez, N., Mart\u00ednez-Bosch, N., Barranco, L.E., Visa, L., and Navarro, P. (2020). The Galectin Family as Molecular Targets: Hopes for Defeating Pancreatic Cancer. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030689"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Porci\u00fancula-Gonz\u00e1lez, C., Cagnoni, A.J., Fontana, C., Mari\u00f1o, K.V., Saenz-M\u00e9ndez, P., Giacomini, C., and Irazoqui, G. (2021). Structural insights in galectin-1-glycan recognition: Relevance of the glycosidic linkage and the N-acetylation pattern of sugar moieties. Bioorg Med. Chem., 44.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2021.116309"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1023\/B:GLYC.0000014072.34840.04","article-title":"Introduction to galectins","volume":"19","author":"Leffler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137R","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwl025","article-title":"Galectin-1: A small protein with major functions","volume":"16","author":"Camby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-025-01047-8","article-title":"The sweet and the bitter sides of galectin-1 in immunity: Its role in immune cell functions, apoptosis, and immunotherapies for cancer with a focus on T cells","volume":"47","author":"Tilajka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, X., Qian, J., Ding, L., Yin, S., Zhou, L., and Zheng, S. (2023). Galectin-1: A Traditionally Immunosuppressive Protein Displays Context-Dependent Capacities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076501"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herman, K.D., Holyer, I., Humphries, D.C., Adamska, A., Roper, J.A., Peterson, K., Zetterberg, F.R., Pedersen, A., MacKinnon, A.C., and Slack, R.J. (2024). Galectin-1 Induces the Production of Immune-Suppressive Cytokines in Human and Mouse T Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252211948"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bla\u017eevit\u0161, O., Mideksa, Y.G., \u0160olman, M., Ligabue, A., Ariotti, N., Nakhaeizadeh, H., Fansa, E.K., Papageorgiou, A.C., Wittinghofer, A., and Ahmadian, M.R. (2016). Galectin-1 dimers can scaffold Raf-effectors to increase H-ras nanoclustering. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24165"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cousin, J.M., and Cloninger, M.J. (2016). The Role of Galectin-1 in Cancer Progression, and Synthetic Multivalent Systems for the Study of Galectin-1. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17091566"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2017-0461","article-title":"Extracellular galectin-1 enhances adhesion to and invasion of oral epithelial cells by Porphyromonas gingivalis","volume":"64","author":"Tamai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.115.5.1437","article-title":"Endogenous muscle lectin inhibits myoblast adhesion to laminin","volume":"115","author":"Cooper","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgq116","article-title":"Hypoxia inducible factor-1 mediates expression of galectin-1: The potential role in migration\/invasion of colorectal cancer cells","volume":"31","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/378736a0","article-title":"Apoptosis of T cells mediated by galectin-1","volume":"378","author":"Perillo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2010.1","article-title":"Role of the JNK\/c-Jun\/AP-1 signaling pathway in galectin-1-induced T-cell death","volume":"1","author":"Brandt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Wang, H.C., Zhao, J., Wu, M.H., and Shih, T.C. (2021). Immunosuppressive Roles of Galectin-1 in the Tumor Microenvironment. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11101398"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26498","article-title":"Neuroblastoma triggers an immunoevasive program involving galectin-1-dependent modulation of T cell and dendritic cell compartments","volume":"131","author":"Soldati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103433","article-title":"Galectin-1 triggers an immunoregulatory signature in Th cells functionally defined by IL-10 expression","volume":"188","author":"Opperman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1641","article-title":"Galectin-1 mediates TGF-\u03b2-induced transformation from normal fibroblasts into carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and promotes tumor progression in gastric cancer","volume":"8","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6216","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-4150","article-title":"Tumor cells secrete galectin-1 to enhance endothelial cell activity","volume":"70","author":"Thijssen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15975","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0603883103","article-title":"Galectin-1 is essential in tumor angiogenesis and is a target for antiangiogenesis therapy","volume":"103","author":"Thijssen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.05.024","article-title":"Gli1 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis of non-small cell lung carcinoma by regulating snail transcriptional activity and stability","volume":"12","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22434","article-title":"Galectin-1 expression in cancer-associated stromal cells correlates tumor invasiveness and tumor progression in breast cancer","volume":"120","author":"Jung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::AID-PATH730>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Increased expression of galectin-1 in carcinoma-associated stroma predicts poor outcome in prostate carcinoma patients","volume":"193","author":"Waltregny","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"59","article-title":"Adhesion\/growth-regulatory tissue lectin galectin-1 in relation to angiogenesis\/lymphocyte infiltration and prognostic relevance of stromal up-regulation in laryngeal carcinomas","volume":"29","author":"Saussez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berois, N., Pittini, A., and Osinaga, E. (2022). Targeting Tumor Glycans for Cancer Therapy: Successes, Limitations, and Perspectives. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030645"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478138","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/478138","article-title":"Deregulation of annexin-A1 and galectin-1 expression in precancerous gastric lesions: Intestinal metaplasia and gastric ulcer","volume":"2014","author":"Rossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Chen, S., Li, S., Zheng, Y., Mai, L., and Zhang, X. (2025). Association of Helicobacter pylori related chronic atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer risk: A literature review. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1504749"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.10.005","article-title":"From intestinal metaplasia to gastric cancer: Witnessing the rise of evil over time and space","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"92","article-title":"Overview of Current Concepts in Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia and Gastric Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Jencks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152860","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/152860","article-title":"Expression of annexin-A1 and galectin-1 anti-inflammatory proteins and mRNA in chronic gastritis and gastric cancer","volume":"2013","author":"Jorge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-013-1332-8","article-title":"High expressions of galectin-1 and VEGF are associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-010-9248-8","article-title":"CD24 and galectin-1 expressions in gastric adenocarcinoma and clinicopathologic significance","volume":"16","author":"Bektas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83611","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13201","article-title":"Galectin-1 induces invasion and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human gastric cancer cells via non-canonical activation of the hedgehog signaling pathway","volume":"7","author":"Chong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-016-0449-1","article-title":"Galectin-1 from cancer-associated fibroblasts induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition through \u03b21 integrin-mediated upregulation of Gli1 in gastric cancer","volume":"35","author":"Chong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.141","article-title":"Expression of Forkhead box P3 in tumour cells causes immunoregulatory function of signet ring cell carcinoma of the stomach","volume":"106","author":"Yoshii","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2021.2341","article-title":"Prevalence of serum galectin-1 autoantibodies in seven types of cancer: A potential biomarker","volume":"15","author":"Nanami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11092","article-title":"Titration of serum p53 antibodies in 1,085 patients with various types of malignant tumors: A multiinstitutional analysis by the Japan p53 Antibody Research Group","volume":"97","author":"Shimada","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R921\u2013R925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.06.081","article-title":"The tumor microenvironment","volume":"30","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-022-02599-7","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts and resistance to anticancer therapies: Status, mechanisms, and countermeasures","volume":"22","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18464","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203295","article-title":"Fibroblastic galectin-1-fostered invasion and metastasis are mediated by TGF-\u03b21-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer","volume":"13","author":"You","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.5230\/jgc.2024.24.e25","article-title":"Galectin-1 Promotes Gastric Carcinoma Progression and Cisplatin Resistance Through the NRP-1\/c-JUN\/Wee1 Pathway","volume":"24","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2022.5431","article-title":"Galectin-1 binds GRP78 to promote the proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2010.09.007","article-title":"The critical role of GRP78 in physiologic and pathologic stress","volume":"23","author":"Pfaffenbach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Alvarez, L., L\u00f3pez-Cort\u00e9s, G.I., and P\u00e9rez-Figueroa, E. (2023). Immunomodulation exerted by galectins: A land of opportunity in rare cancers. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1301025"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2012.02874.x","article-title":"Galectin-1 is up-regulated by RASSF1A gene in human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC7901","volume":"120","year":"2012","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, J.-T., Lin, Y.-N., Chen, Y.-F., Kou, H.-W., Wang, S.-Y., Chou, W.-C., Wu, T.-R., and Yeh, T.-S. (2024). A comprehensive overview of gastric cancer management from a surgical point of view. Biomed. J.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2024.100817"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurma, K., and Alix-Panabi\u00e8res, C. (2023). Mechanobiology and survival strategies of circulating tumor cells: A process towards the invasive and metastatic phenotype. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1188499"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01744-8","article-title":"Extracellular matrix remodeling in tumor progression and immune escape: From mechanisms to treatments","volume":"22","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.REV119.007759","article-title":"Cell adhesion in cancer: Beyond the migration of single cells","volume":"295","author":"Janiszewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"5535","article-title":"Galectin-1-mediated high NCAPG expression correlates with poor prognosis in gastric cancer","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7815","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8815","article-title":"Condensin targets and reduces unwound DNA structures associated with transcription in mitotic chromosome condensation","volume":"6","author":"Sutani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, X., Liu, H., Zhou, H., Cheng, Z., Liu, G., Huang, C., Dou, R., Liu, F., and You, X. (2023). Galectin-1 promotes gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis through peritoneal fibrosis. BMC Cancer, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11047-2"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manzanedo, I., Pereira, F., P\u00e9rez-Viejo, E., and Serrano, \u00c1. (2023). Gastric Cancer with Peritoneal Metastases: Current Status and Prospects for Treatment. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15061777"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.144","article-title":"Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: The history, regulatory mechanism, and cancer therapeutic opportunities","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00858-6","article-title":"Vasculogenic mimicry in carcinogenesis and clinical applications","volume":"13","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65173-5","article-title":"Vascular channel formation by human melanoma cells in vivo and in vitro: Vasculogenic mimicry","volume":"155","author":"Maniotis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Cort\u00e9s, M., Delgado-Bellido, D., and Oliver, F.J. (2019). Vasculogenic Mimicry: Become an Endothelial Cell \u201cBut Not So Much\u201d. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00803"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3237","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S165899","article-title":"Prognostic significance of galectin-1 and vasculogenic mimicry in patients with gastric cancer","volume":"11","author":"You","year":"2018","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21837","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.104000","article-title":"Galectin-1 promotes vasculogenic mimicry in gastric adenocarcinoma via the Hedgehog\/GLI signaling pathway","volume":"12","author":"You","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabbi, M., Bali, C.D., Lianos, G.D., and Rausei, S. (2024). Treatment of Gastric Cancer Means Surgery, but Not Surgery Alone. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16081601"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"684","article-title":"Cancer stem cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, ATP and their roles in drug resistance in cancer","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stojanovic, B.S., Stojanovic, B., Milovanovic, J., Arsenijevi\u0107, A., Dimitrijevic Stojanovic, M., Arsenijevic, N., and Milovanovic, M. (2023). The Pivotal Role of Galectin-3 in Viral Infection: A Multifaceted Player in Host-Pathogen Interactions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119617"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Liu, Q., Wang, D., Wang, X., Pan, Z., Han, B., and He, G. (2025). Multifaceted roles of Galectins: From carbohydrate binding to targeted cancer therapy. Biomark. Res., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-025-00759-1"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2009.07.005","article-title":"Dynamics of galectin-3 in the nucleus and cytoplasm","volume":"1800","author":"Haudek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"9247574","article-title":"The Many Roles of Galectin-3, a Multifaceted Molecule, in Innate Immune Responses against Pathogens","volume":"2017","author":"Ortega","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sciacchitano, S., Lavra, L., Morgante, A., Ulivieri, A., Magi, F., De Francesco, G.P., Bellotti, C., Salehi, L.B., and Ricci, A. (2018). Galectin-3: One Molecule for an Alphabet of Diseases, from A to Z. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020379"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"5272","article-title":"Galectin-3: A novel antiapoptotic molecule with a functional BH1 (NWGR) domain of Bcl-2 family","volume":"57","author":"Akahani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"599","article-title":"Galectin-3 as a novel biomarker for disease diagnosis and a target for therapy (Review)","volume":"41","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.2008.952317","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of six galectin subtypes in the mouse digestive tract","volume":"57","author":"Iwanaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01299-15","article-title":"Galectin-3 Plays an Important Role in Innate Immunity to Gastric Infection by Helicobacter pylori","volume":"84","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"1307","article-title":"Increased expression of galectin-3 in primary gastric cancer and the metastatic lymph nodes","volume":"9","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1159\/000030131","article-title":"Increased galectin-3 expression in gastric cancer: Correlations with histopathological subtypes, galactosylated antigens and tumor cell proliferation","volume":"21","author":"Baldus","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2000.0442","article-title":"Immunohistochemical detection of galectin-3 in canine gastric carcinomas","volume":"124","author":"Woo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"69","article-title":"Expression of galectin-3 in gastric adenocarcinoma","volume":"140","author":"Gomes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Reduced galectin-3 expression is an indicator of unfavorable prognosis in gastric cancer","volume":"26","author":"Okada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"297","article-title":"Expression of galectin 3 and Sambucus nigra agglutinin and their clinicopathological significance in benign and malignant lesions of stomach","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.388","article-title":"Galectin-3 expression is prognostic in diffuse type gastric adenocarcinoma, confers aggressive phenotype, and can be targeted by YAP1\/BET inhibitors","volume":"118","author":"Ajani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910560404","article-title":"Expression of a 31-kDa lactoside-binding lectin in normal human gastric mucosa and in primary and metastatic gastric carcinomas","volume":"56","author":"Lotan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"288","article-title":"Study on the expression and significance of Galectin-3 and CDC25B mRNA in human gastric carcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-014-0299-0","article-title":"Deregulated expression of annexin-A2 and galectin-3 is associated with metastasis in gastric cancer patients","volume":"15","author":"Leal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2018.06.033","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and prognostic significance of galectins for patients with gastric cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Long","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-016-9817-5","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Serum Galectin-3 Levels in Gastric Cancer Patients","volume":"47","author":"Tas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.892386","article-title":"Serum galectin-3 as a potential marker for gastric cancer","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"1035-1045.e2","article-title":"Galectin-3 increases gastric cancer cell motility by up-regulating fascin-1 expression","volume":"138","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15150","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7750","article-title":"An increase in galectin-3 causes cellular unresponsiveness to IFN-\u03b3-induced signal transduction and growth inhibition in gastric cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"Tseng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"8144","article-title":"Galectin-3 rs4652 A>C polymorphism is associated with the risk of gastric carcinoma and P-glycoprotein expression level","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S.J., Shin, J.Y., Lee, K.D., Bae, Y.K., Choi, I.J., Park, S.H., and Chun, K.H. (2011). Galectin-3 facilitates cell motility in gastric cancer by up-regulating protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1). PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025103"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-19-0811","article-title":"Galectin-3 Interacts with C\/EBP\u03b2 and Upregulates Hyaluronan-Mediated Motility Receptor Expression in Gastric Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otaegi-Ugartemendia, M., Matheu, A., and Carrasco-Garcia, E. (2022). Impact of Cancer Stem Cells on Therapy Resistance in Gastric Cancer. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14061457"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.21037\/dmr-21-94","article-title":"Gastric adenocarcinoma peritoneal carcinomatosis: A narrative review","volume":"5","author":"Green","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-0783","article-title":"Galectin-3 Cooperates with CD47 to Suppress Phagocytosis and T-cell Immunity in Gastric Cancer Peritoneal Metastases","volume":"83","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, R., and Jat, P. (2021). Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence: Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.645593"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57117","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10986","article-title":"Ablation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) induces cellular senescence in gastric cancer through a galectin-3 dependent mechanism","volume":"7","author":"La","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2014.88","article-title":"Ablation of galectin-3 induces p27(KIP1)-dependent premature senescence without oncogenic stress","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-012-0527-8","article-title":"Downregulation of Skp2 inhibits the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"34","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v8.i9.673","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance in gastric cancer","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2009.01364.x","article-title":"Silencing of galectin-3 changes the gene expression and augments the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents","volume":"101","author":"Cheong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.1.617","article-title":"Molecular cloning and functional reconstitution of a urate transporter\/channel","volume":"272","author":"Tao","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2022.05.020","article-title":"A new emerging target in cancer immunotherapy: Galectin-9 (LGALS9)","volume":"10","author":"Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes. Dis."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2015.2941","article-title":"Galectin-9 suppresses the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma via apoptosis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"46","author":"Fujita","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-10-0040","article-title":"Targeting activating transcription factor 3 by Galectin-9 induces apoptosis and overcomes various types of treatment resistance in chronic myelogenous leukemia","volume":"8","author":"Kuroda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1271","article-title":"The Tim-3 ligand galectin-9 negatively regulates T helper type 1 immunity","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2008.01.006","article-title":"Galectin-9 suppresses the generation of Th17, promotes the induction of regulatory T cells, and regulates experimental autoimmune arthritis","volume":"127","author":"Seki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18102-7","article-title":"Lumenal Galectin-9-Lamp2 interaction regulates lysosome and autophagy to prevent pathogenesis in the intestine and pancreas","volume":"11","author":"Sudhakar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2015.4452","article-title":"Galectin-9 suppresses the proliferation of gastric cancer cells in vitro","volume":"35","author":"Takano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, J., Jin, M.S., Kong, F., Cao, D., Ma, H.X., Jia, Z., Wang, Y.P., Suo, J., and Cao, X. (2013). Decreased galectin-9 and increased Tim-3 expression are related to poor prognosis in gastric cancer. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081799"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2014.2494","article-title":"Role of downregulation of galectin-9 in the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cws079","article-title":"Comparative study of the glycan specificities of cell-bound human tandem-repeat-type galectin-4, -8 and -9","volume":"22","author":"Vokhmyanina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12520","article-title":"Tim-3 and its role in regulating anti-tumor immunity","volume":"276","author":"Das","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen, S.H., Kua, L.F., Nakajima, S., Yong, W.P., and Kono, K. (2021). Chemoradiation induces upregulation of immunogenic cell death-related molecules together with increased expression of PD-L1 and galectin-9 in gastric cancer. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91603-7"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2020.04.010","article-title":"Galectin-9 Is a Novel Regulator of Epithelial Restitution","volume":"190","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5419","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802308","article-title":"Galectin-2 suppresses contact allergy by inducing apoptosis in activated CD8+ T cells","volume":"182","author":"Loser","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.6.3825","article-title":"Human galectin-2: Novel inducer of T cell apoptosis with distinct profile of caspase activation","volume":"173","author":"Sturm","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Negedu, M.N., Duckworth, C.A., and Yu, L.G. (2022). Galectin-2 in Health and Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010341"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e4nfer, S., and Jacob, R. (2020). Galectins in Intra- and Extracellular Vesicles. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10091232"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201600116","article-title":"Key regulators of galectin-glycan interactions","volume":"16","author":"Kamili","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-007-0290-2","article-title":"Galectin-2 induces apoptosis of lamina propria T lymphocytes and ameliorates acute and chronic experimental colitis in mice","volume":"86","author":"Paclik","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1998.0968","article-title":"Identification and cloning of rat galectin-2: Expression is predominantly in epithelial cells of the stomach","volume":"361","author":"Oka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b17-00221","article-title":"Identification of Galectin-2-Mucin Interaction and Possible Formation of a High Molecular Weight Lattice","volume":"40","author":"Tamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_159","unstructured":"Wiklund, A.-K., Santoni, G., Yan, J., Radkiewicz, C., Xie, S., Birgisson, H., Ness-Jensen, E., von Euler-Chelpin, M., Kauppila, J.H., and Lagergren, J. Risk of Gastric Adenocarcinoma After Eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2007.00392.x","article-title":"Gene expression profiling in a mouse model of Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer","volume":"98","author":"Takaishi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-011-0463-1","article-title":"Lowered expression of galectin-2 is associated with lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer","volume":"47","author":"Jung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rustiguel, J.K., Soares, R.O.S., Meisburger, S.P., Davis, K.M., Malzbender, K.L., Ando, N., Dias-Baruffi, M., and Nonato, M.C. (2016). Full-length model of the human galectin-4 and insights into dynamics of inter-domain communication. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33633"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-016-0262-9","article-title":"The role of galectin-4 in physiology and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9222","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00449a039","article-title":"Soluble lactose-binding vertebrate lectins: A growing family","volume":"28","author":"Leffler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/B:GLYC.0000025819.54723.a0","article-title":"Galectin-4 in normal tissues and cancer","volume":"20","author":"Huflejt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Glycoconj. J."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"889","article-title":"Differential gene expression profiles of scirrhous gastric cancer cells with high metastatic potential to peritoneum or lymph nodes","volume":"61","author":"Hippo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hachisu, K., Tsuchida, A., Takada, Y., Mizuno, M., and Ideo, H. (2023). Galectin-4 Is Involved in the Structural Changes of Glycosphingolipid Glycans in Poorly Differentiated Gastric Cancer Cells with High Metastatic Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512305"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-023-01366-5","article-title":"Suppression of galectin-4 attenuates peritoneal metastasis of poorly differentiated gastric cancer cells","volume":"26","author":"Ideo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5458-8","article-title":"Galectin-7","volume":"63","author":"Saussez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sewgobind, N.V., Albers, S., and Pieters, R.J. (2021). Functions and Inhibition of Galectin-7, an Emerging Target in Cellular Pathophysiology. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111720"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Advedissian, T., Deshayes, F., and Viguier, M. (2017). Galectin-7 in Epithelial Homeostasis and Carcinomas. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122760"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3487","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109360200","article-title":"Galectin-7 (PIG1) exhibits pro-apoptotic function through JNK activation and mitochondrial cytochrome c release","volume":"277","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e10-06-0534","article-title":"Mitochondrial proteomic approach reveals galectin-7 as a novel BCL-2 binding protein in human cells","volume":"22","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.844","article-title":"Ras inhibition boosts galectin-7 at the expense of galectin-1 to sensitize cells to apoptosis","volume":"4","author":"Barkan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6277","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206631","article-title":"Homodimeric galectin-7 (p53-induced gene 1) is a negative growth regulator for human neuroblastoma cells","volume":"22","author":"Kopitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5205","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-0134","article-title":"A novel function for galectin-7: Promoting tumorigenesis by up-regulating MMP-9 gene expression","volume":"65","author":"Demers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1219","article-title":"Galectin-7 is epigenetically-regulated tumor suppressor in gastric cancer","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5672","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-0985","article-title":"Suppression of tumor growth by galectin-7 gene transfer","volume":"64","author":"Ueda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12635","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-016-5175-y","article-title":"Galectin-8 is associated with recurrence and survival of patients with non-metastatic gastric cancer after surgery","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.2.1225","article-title":"The involvement of CD44 and its novel ligand galectin-8 in apoptotic regulation of autoimmune inflammation","volume":"179","author":"Ronen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20200677","article-title":"Galectin-8, cytokines, and the storm","volume":"50","author":"Zick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/14\/1090\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:10:49Z","timestamp":1760033449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/14\/1090"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":181,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cells14141090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14141090","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}}}