{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T14:37:02Z","timestamp":1768919822699,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French government through the Programme Investissement d\u2019Avenir","award":["I-SITE ULNE\/ANR-16-IDEX-0004 ULNE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I-SITE ULNE\/ANR-16-IDEX-0004 ULNE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Innate immune cells appear to have an important implication in the resolution and\/or the aggravation of the COVID-19 pathogenesis after infection with SARS-CoV-2. To better appreciate the role of these cells during COVID-19, changes in blood eosinophil, the neutrophil and monocyte count, and levels of surface protein markers have been reported. However, analyses at several timepoints of multiple surface markers on granulocytes and monocytes over a period of one month after a SARS-CoV-2 infection are missing. Therefore, in this study, we performed blood eosinophil, neutrophil, and monocyte phenotyping using a list of surface proteins and flow cytometry during a period of 30 days after the hospitalization of patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. Blood cell counts were reported at seven different timepoints over the 30-day period as well as measures of multiple mediators in serum using a targeted multiplex assay approach. Our results indicate a 95% drop in the blood eosinophil count by D1, with eosinophils displaying a phenotype defined as CD69\/CD63\/CD125high and CCR3\/CD44low during the early phases of hospitalization. Conversely, by D7 the neutrophil count increased significantly and displayed an immature, activated, and immunosuppressive phenotype (i.e., 3% of CD10\/CD16low and CD10lowCD177high, 6.7% of CD11bhighCD62Llow, and 1.6% of CD16highCD62Llow), corroborated by enhanced serum proteins that are markers of neutrophil activation. Finally, our results suggest a rapid recruitment of non-classical monocytes leaving CD163\/CD64high and CD32low monocytes in circulation during the very early phase. In conclusion, our study reveals potential very early roles for eosinophils and monocytes in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 with a likely reprogramming of eosinophils in the bone marrow. The exact roles of the pro-inflammatory neutrophils and the functions of the eosinophils and the monocytes, as well as these innate immune cell types, interplays need to be further investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14141093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T10:33:47Z","timestamp":1752748427000},"page":"1093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evolution of Blood Innate Immune Cell Phenotypes Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Dendooven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"CHU Lille, Institut d\u2019Immunologie, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7238-8671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephane","family":"Esnault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"CHU Lille, Institut d\u2019Immunologie, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"CHU Lille, Institut d\u2019Immunologie, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Trauet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"CHU Lille, Institut d\u2019Immunologie, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emeline","family":"Delaunay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"CHU Lille, Institut d\u2019Immunologie, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Guerrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amali E.","family":"Samarasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Floriane","family":"Mirgot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Lille, Institut d\u2019Immunologie, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Vuotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Lille, Service Universitaire de Maladies Infectieuses, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Faure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Lille, Service Universitaire de Maladies Infectieuses, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Univ. Lille, U1019-UMR 9017-CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Poissy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Lille, P\u00f4le de R\u00e9animation CNRS Inserm U1285-UMR 8576-UGSF-Unit\u00e9 de Glycobiologie, Structurale et Fonctionnelle Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU Lille, Service de M\u00e9decine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"CHU Lille, D\u00e9partement de M\u00e9decine Polyvalente Post-Urgences, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Labalette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"CHU Lille, Institut d\u2019Immunologie, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Lef\u00e8vre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"CHU Lille, Institut d\u2019Immunologie, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"CHU Lille, Service de M\u00e9decine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"CEREO, National Reference Center for Hypereosinophilic Syndromes, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6960-4521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Demaret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. 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