{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T18:30:47Z","timestamp":1790101847529,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Universities and Research, PRIN","award":["2022FYBMEX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022FYBMEX"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Universities and Research, PRIN","award":["2023\u20132027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\u20132027"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Universities and Research under the Department of Excellence","award":["2022FYBMEX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022FYBMEX"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Universities and Research under the Department of Excellence","award":["2023\u20132027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\u20132027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinal ischemia is implicated in ocular diseases involving aberrant neovessel proliferation that characterizes proliferative retinopathies. Their therapy still remains confined to the intravitreal administration of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medication, which is limited by side effects and progressive reduction in efficacy. Mimicking neovascular diseases in rodents, although of great help for translating fundamental mechanistic findings and assessing therapeutic potential in humans, is limited by the rodent\u2019s short life span, which prevents retinal vessel proliferation over time. However, the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model, which mimics retinopathy of prematurity, seems to meet some criteria that are common to proliferative retinopathies. The present review provides insight into preclinical models and their suitability to mimic proliferative retinopathies. Further considerations will be applied to emerging approaches and advanced methodologies for the management of proliferative retinopathies, leading to the identification of new therapeutic targets, including our contribution in the field. Major emphasis is given to the possibility of using systemic therapies either alone or in combination with intravitreal anti-VEGF administration to maximize clinical benefits by combining drugs with different modes of action. This review is concluded by an in-depth discussion on future advancements and a critical view of preclinical finding translatability. Despite the major effort of preclinical and clinical research to develop novel therapies, the blockade of VEGF activity still remains the only treatment for proliferative retinopathies for more than twenty years since its first therapeutic application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14141107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T14:03:51Z","timestamp":1752847431000},"page":"1107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Long-Standing Problem of Proliferative Retinopathies: Current Understanding and Critical Cues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8934-5838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Cammalleri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6659-9077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Bagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noto, S. 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