{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:35:16Z","timestamp":1791855316145,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Protibea Therapeutics, Inc."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has traditionally been viewed as a psychiatric disorder of fear, memory, and emotional regulation. However, growing evidence implicates systemic and neuroinflammation as key contributors. Individuals with PTSD often exhibit elevated blood levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and C-reactive protein, indicating immune dysregulation. Dysfunctions in the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis marked by reduced cortisol levels impair the body\u2019s ability to regulate inflammation, allowing persistent immune activation. Circulating cytokines cross a weakened blood\u2013brain barrier and activate microglia, which release additional inflammatory mediators. This neuroinflammatory loop can damage brain circuits critical to emotion processing including the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, and disrupt neurotransmitter systems like serotonin and glutamate, potentially explaining PTSD symptoms such as hyperarousal and persistent fear memories. Rodent models of PTSD show similar inflammatory profiles, reinforcing the role of neuroinflammation in disease pathology. Bromo-epi-androsterone (BEA), a synthetic analog of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), has shown potent anti-inflammatory effects in clinical trials, significantly reducing IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1. By modulating immune activity, BEA represents a promising candidate for mitigating neuroinflammation and its downstream effects in PTSD. These findings support the rationale for initiating clinical trials of BEA as a novel therapeutic intervention for PTSD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14141120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T09:33:53Z","timestamp":1753090433000},"page":"1120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Proposing Bromo-Epi-Androsterone (BEA) for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4301-6101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coad Thomas","family":"Dow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Obaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, D.H., Lee, J.Y., Hong, D.Y., Lee, E.C., Park, S.W., Lee, M.R., and Oh, J.S. 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