{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T21:54:13Z","timestamp":1793829253312,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":198,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis, is increasingly recognized as a systemic condition with cardiovascular implications. Among these, heart failure has emerged as a significant complication. The aim of this narrative review was to explore the cellular and molecular pathways that link IBD and heart failure. Drawing upon findings from epidemiologic studies, experimental models, and clinical research, we examined the pathways through which IBD may promote cardiac dysfunction. Chronic systemic inflammation in IBD, driven by cytokines such as TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2, can impair myocardial structure and function. Furthermore, intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut dysbiosis can facilitate the translocation of proinflammatory microbial metabolites, including lipopolysaccharide and phenylacetylglutamine, and deplete cardioprotective metabolites like short-chain fatty acids, thereby exacerbating heart failure risk. Additional contributing factors include endothelial and microvascular dysfunction, autonomic dysregulation, nutritional deficiencies, shared genetic susceptibility, and adverse pharmacologic effects. IBD contributes to heart failure pathogenesis through multifactorial and interrelated mechanisms. Recognizing the role of the gut\u2013heart axis in IBD is crucial for the early identification of cardiovascular risk, providing guidance for integrating care and developing targeted therapies to reduce the risk of heart failure in this vulnerable population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14141124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T14:55:18Z","timestamp":1753109718000},"page":"1124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Explaining the Link Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Heart Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Arveen","family":"Shokravi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8770-5959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchen","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8923-1152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon W.","family":"Rabkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, 9th Floor 2775 Laurel St., Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2017160121","article-title":"Beyond the Bowel: Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"37","author":"Olpin","year":"2017","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.07.042","article-title":"Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Concepts, Treatment, and Implications for Disease Management","volume":"161","author":"Rogler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e14010","article-title":"Cardiovascular Manifestations in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review of the Pathogenesis and Management of Pericarditis","volume":"13","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.04.031","article-title":"Increased Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Aniwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae338","article-title":"Risk of Heart Failure in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Swedish Population-Based Study","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.114.001152","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Hospitalization for Heart Failure: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study","volume":"7","author":"Kristensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562848241299534","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848241299534","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Cardiac Function: A Systematic Review of Literature with Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Soares","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvv008","article-title":"TNF-down-Regulates Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ ATPase Expression and Leads to Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction through Binding of NF-B to Promoter Response Element","volume":"105","author":"Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Kline, K.T., Zhong, X.S., Xiao, Y., Lian, H., Peng, J., Liu, X., Powell, D.W., Tang, G., and Li, Q. (2021). Chronic Colitis Upregulates microRNAs Suppressing Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Adult Heart. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257280"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003183","article-title":"G\u03b2\u03b3-Independent Recruitment of G-Protein Coupled Receptor Kinase 2 Drives Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1\u2013Induced Cardiac \u03b2-Adrenergic Receptor Dysfunction","volume":"128","author":"Vasudevan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2174\/157340208786241336","article-title":"Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Induced Endothelial Dysfunction","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01977-z","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte-Specific Knockout of ADAM17 Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy via Inhibiting TNF\u03b1\u2013TRAF3\u2013TAK1\u2013MAPK Axis","volume":"9","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2726","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00376.2007","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1-Induced Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress and Cardiac Dysfunction: Restoration by Superoxide Dismutase Mimetic Tempol","volume":"293","author":"Mariappan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rolski, F., and B\u0142yszczuk, P. (2020). Complexity of TNF-\u03b1 Signaling in Heart Disease. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103267"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107285","article-title":"The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Cardiac Remodeling and Dysfunction and as a Possible Blood Biomarker in Heart Failure","volume":"206","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659771","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1659771","article-title":"Injection of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Leads to Ventricular Remodeling","volume":"2022","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40119-018-0104-3","article-title":"A Review of Interleukin-1 in Heart Disease: Where Do We Stand Today?","volume":"7","author":"Szekely","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhen, Y., and Zhang, H. (2019). NLRP3 Inflammasome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00276"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2015.04.014","article-title":"The Importance of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Heart Failure","volume":"21","author":"Butts","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20148","article-title":"IL-6 Signaling in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathophysiological Role and Clinical Relevance: Inflamm","volume":"13","author":"Mudter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11897-022-00584-9","article-title":"C-Reactive Protein, Interleukin-6, Trimethylamine-N-Oxide, Syndecan-1, Nitric Oxide, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-1 in Heart Failure with Preserved Versus Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Gui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Heart Fail. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e018549","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.018549","article-title":"Interleukin 6 and Development of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in the General Population","volume":"10","author":"Chia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2024.12.012","article-title":"Interleukin-6 in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction and the Effect of Dapagliflozin","volume":"13","author":"Docherty","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.12.024","article-title":"The Varying Faces of IL-6: From Cardiac Protection to Cardiac Failure","volume":"74","author":"Fontes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Yang, J., Li, T., Wang, X., Fan, Z., Ye, Q., and Du, Y. (2024). JAK\/STAT3 Signaling in Cardiac Fibrosis: A Promising Therapeutic Target. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1336102"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00768-1","article-title":"Alimentiv Translational Research Consortium (ATRC) IL-12 and IL-23 Pathway Inhibition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"20","author":"Verstockt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"667","article-title":"Interleukin-12 Expression Is Focally Enhanced in the Gastric Mucosa of Pediatric Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"152","author":"Berrebi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1001","article-title":"Interleukin-12 and the Regulation of Innate Resistance and Adaptive Immunity","volume":"3","author":"Trinchieri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korta, A., Kula, J., and Gomu\u0142ka, K. (2023). The Role of IL-23 in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241210172"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3895","article-title":"IL-12 and IL-23 Cytokines: From Discovery to Targeted Therapies for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"21","author":"Teng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2017.10.010","article-title":"The IL-12 Cytokine Family in Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"122","author":"Bot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papamichail, A., Kourek, C., Briasoulis, A., Xanthopoulos, A., Tsougos, E., Farmakis, D., and Paraskevaidis, I. (2023). Targeting Key Inflammatory Mechanisms Underlying Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010510"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhattarai, U., He, X., Xu, R., Liu, X., Pan, L., Sun, Y., Chen, J.-X., and Chen, Y. (2023). IL-12\u03b1 Deficiency Attenuates Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Inflammation, Hypertrophy, Dysfunction, and Heart Failure Progression. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1105664"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, X., Ji, Q., Pan, H., Feng, Y., Ye, D., Gan, L., Wan, J., and Ye, J. (2024). IL-23p19 Deficiency Reduces M1 Macrophage Polarization and Improves Stress-Induced Cardiac Remodeling by Alleviating Macrophage Ferroptosis in Mice. Biochem. Pharmacol., 222.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2024.116072"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562848241230896","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848241230896","article-title":"TH17 Cell: A Double-Edged Sword in the Development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"17","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Y., Jia, X., Xu, L., Chen, H., Xie, S., and Cai, J. (2023). Interleukin-17 and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A 2-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1238457"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4105","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004105","article-title":"Common Variants in IL-17A\/IL-17RA Axis Contribute to Predisposition to and Progression of Congestive Heart Failure","volume":"95","author":"Sandip","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-020-00580-6","article-title":"Interleukin-17 Upregulation Participates in the Pathogenesis of Heart Failure in Mice via NF-\u03baB-Dependent Suppression of SERCA2a and Cav1.2 Expression","volume":"42","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2018.08.005","article-title":"Interleukin-17 Enhances Cardiac Ventricular Remodeling via Activating MAPK Pathway in Ischemic Heart Failure","volume":"122","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.10.863","article-title":"Interleukin-17A Contributes to Myocardial Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and Neutrophil Infiltration","volume":"59","author":"Liao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurimoto, M., Watanabe, T., Kamata, K., Minaga, K., and Kudo, M. (2021). IL-33 as a Critical Cytokine for Inflammation and Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Pancreatitis. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.781012"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.09.004","article-title":"IL-33: An Alarmin Cytokine with Crucial Roles in Innate Immunity, Inflammation and Allergy","volume":"31","author":"Cayrol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2660","article-title":"The IL-33\/ST2 Pathway: Therapeutic Target and Novel Biomarker","volume":"7","author":"Kakkar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2017.04.022","article-title":"Ablation of IL-33 Gene Exacerbate Myocardial Remodeling in Mice with Heart Failure Induced by Mechanical Stress","volume":"138","author":"Veeraveedu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy166","article-title":"Conflicting Vascular and Metabolic Impact of the IL-33\/sST2 Axis","volume":"114","author":"Altara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griesenauer, B., and Paczesny, S. (2017). The ST2\/IL-33 Axis in Immune Cells during Inflammatory Diseases. Front. Immunol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00475"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seo, D.H., Che, X., Kwak, M.S., Kim, S., Kim, J.H., Ma, H.W., Kim, D.H., Kim, T.I., Kim, W.H., and Kim, S.W. (2017). Interleukin-33 Regulates Intestinal Inflammation by Modulating Macrophages in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00840-2"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, X.S., Lopez, K.M., Krishnachaitanya, S.S., Liu, M., Xiao, Y., Ou, R., Nagy, H.I., Kochkarian, T., Powell, D.W., and Fujise, K. (2025). Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Mitigates Cardiac Remodeling and Functional Impairment in Mice with Chronic Colitis. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.13.643179"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.01.052","article-title":"A New Approach to the Clinical Subclassification of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"331","author":"Nouraei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023062922","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-062922","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Information for the Pediatrician","volume":"152","author":"Kahn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2023.0048","article-title":"The Gut\u2013Heart Axis: Updated Review for The Roles of Microbiome in Cardiovascular Health","volume":"53","author":"Bui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2023.12.003","article-title":"Cardiovascular Diseases and the Heart\u2013Gut Cross Talk","volume":"76","author":"Majumder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1343143","article-title":"The Intestinal Barrier: A Fundamental Role in Health and Disease","volume":"11","author":"Vancamelbeke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.224568","article-title":"Determinants of Colonic Barrier Function in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Potential Therapeutics","volume":"590","author":"Hering","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.094375","article-title":"Changes in Expression and Distribution of Claudin 2, 5 and 8 Lead to Discontinuous Tight Junctions and Barrier Dysfunction in Active Crohn\u2019s Disease","volume":"56","author":"Zeissig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2002697","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"383","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21403","article-title":"Importance of Disrupted Intestinal Barrier in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Inflamm","volume":"17","author":"Salim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1590\/s0004-2803.202202000-43","article-title":"Factors associated with Circulating Zonulin in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"59","author":"Lacombe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i17.2211","article-title":"Increased Intestinal Permeability in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Assessed by Iohexol Test","volume":"17","author":"Gerova","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628157","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/628157","article-title":"Intestinal Permeability in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathogenesis, Clinical Evaluation, and Therapy of Leaky Gut","volume":"2015","author":"Michielan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, J.-H., Wang, Y., Zhang, X.-M., Wang, W.-X., Zhang, Q., Tang, Y.-P., and Yue, S.-J. (2024). Intestinal Permeability in Human Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1361126"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0108-7","article-title":"Dietary Metabolism, the Gut Microbiome, and Heart Failure","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"e65136","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Cardiovascular Disease: An Integrative Review with a Focus on the Gut Microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candelli, M., Franza, L., Pignataro, G., Ojetti, V., Covino, M., Piccioni, A., Gasbarrini, A., and Franceschi, F. (2021). Interaction between Lipopolysaccharide and Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126242"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20019","article-title":"Serum Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein in Endotoxemic Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"13","author":"Rojo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"71","article-title":"Cardiac and Renal Fibrosis and Oxidative Stress Balance in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in Male Rats","volume":"14","author":"Asgharzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-024-00411-z","article-title":"Carvacrol Alleviates LPS-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction by Inhibiting the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB and NLRP3 Inflammasome in Cardiomyocytes","volume":"21","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maluleke, T.T., Manilall, A., Shezi, N., Baijnath, S., and Millen, A.M.E. (2024). Acute Exposure to LPS Induces Cardiac Dysfunction via the Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76066-w"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7997","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802884","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide Stimulates Platelet Secretion and Potentiates Platelet Aggregation via TLR4\/MyD88 and the cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Pathway","volume":"182","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lira, A.L., Taskin, B., Puy, C., Keshari, R.S., Silasi, R., Pang, J., Aslan, J.E., Shatzel, J.J., Lorentz, C.U., and Tucker, E.I. (2025). The Physicochemical Properties of Lipopolysaccharide Chemotypes Regulate Activation of the Contact Pathway of Blood Coagulation. J. Biol. Chem., 301.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.108110"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes Pires, M.E., Clarke, S.R., Marcondes, S., and Gibbins, J.M. (2017). Lipopolysaccharide Potentiates Platelet Responses via Toll-like Receptor 4-Stimulated Akt-Erk-PLA2 Signalling. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186981"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2008.03.015","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide Augments Venous and Arterial Thrombosis in the Mouse","volume":"123","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2025.2503844","article-title":"Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Disruption and Oxidative Stress in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats and Mice","volume":"59","author":"Sousa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2010.12.016","article-title":"Studies on Bacterial Endotoxin and Intestinal Absorption Function in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"157","author":"Sandek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, M., Gautier, T., Masson, D., Bouhemad, B., and Guinot, P.-G. (2023). Endotoxemia in Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Shock: Evidence, Mechanisms and Therapeutic Options. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072579"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G122","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00016.2025","article-title":"Gut\u2013Heart Axis: Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure in the Context of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Dysbiosis","volume":"329","author":"Kochkarian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Fan, Z., Cui, J., Li, D., Lu, J., Cui, X., Xie, L., Wu, Y., Lin, Q., and Li, Y. (2022). Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis of Prognostic Value. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.817396"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011569","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.124.011569","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Related Gut Microbe-Derived Metabolites and Incident Heart Failure Development in Community-Based Populations","volume":"17","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-018-0091-y","article-title":"Gut Microbe-Derived Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide Induces Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis","volume":"99","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Wang, Y., Feng, Y., Wang, F., Gao, L., and Wang, Y. (2025). Trimethylamine Oxide Promotes Myocardial Fibrosis through Activating JAK2-STAT3 Pathway. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 750.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.151390"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Geng, J., Zhao, J., Ni, Q., Zhao, C., Zheng, Y., Chen, X., and Wang, L. (2019). Trimethylamine N-Oxide Exacerbates Cardiac Fibrosis via Activating the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00866"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshida, Y., Shimizu, I., Shimada, A., Nakahara, K., Yanagisawa, S., Kubo, M., Fukuda, S., Ishii, C., Yamamoto, H., and Ishikawa, T. (2022). Brown Adipose Tissue Dysfunction Promotes Heart Failure via a Trimethylamine N-Oxide-Dependent Mechanism. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19245-x"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14759","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Promotes Age-Related Vascular Oxidative Stress and Endothelial Dysfunction in Mice and Healthy Humans","volume":"76","author":"Brunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3620","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3797-3","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-Oxide: A Novel Biomarker for the Identification of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"60","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"114","article-title":"Association of TMAO Levels with Indicators of Ulcerative Colitis Activity","volume":"16","author":"Laryushina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Casp. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laryushina, Y., Samoilova-Bedych, N., Turgunova, L., Kozhakhmetov, S., Alina, A., Suieubayev, M., and Mukhanbetzhanov, N. (2024). Alterations of the Gut Microbiome and TMAO Levels in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13195794"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.108.025338","article-title":"Hepatic Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase Gene Regulation in Different Mouse Inflammation Models","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos. Biol. Fate Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.11.203","article-title":"THE PATHOGENIC ROLE OF MICROBIAL TRIMETHYLAMINE IN IBD ASSOCIATED INTESTINAL FIBROSIS","volume":"166","author":"Massey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2022.104458","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolite Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Biomarkers of Inflammation Are Linked to Endothelial and Coronary Microvascular Function in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"146","author":"Kul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santoru, M.L., Piras, C., Murgia, A., Palmas, V., Camboni, T., Liggi, S., Ibba, I., Lai, M.A., Orr\u00f9, S., and Blois, S. (2017). Cross Sectional Evaluation of the Gut-Microbiome Metabolome Axis in an Italian Cohort of IBD Patients. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10034-5"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1159\/000525925","article-title":"Alteration of the Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"104","author":"Andoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Chen, Z., Xu, C., Kan, S., and Chen, D. (2022). Disturbances of the Gut Microbiota and Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235140"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parada Venegas, D., De la Fuente, M.K., Landskron, G., Gonz\u00e1lez, M.J., Quera, R., Dijkstra, G., Harmsen, H.J.M., Faber, K.N., and Hermoso, M.A. (2019). Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01486"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1854675","article-title":"The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Immunity, Inflammation and Metabolism","volume":"62","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz188","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Short-Chain Fatty Acid Characterization in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"25","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, Y., Han, S., Kwon, J., Ju, S., Choi, T., Kang, I., and Kim, S. (2023). Roles of Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204466"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, X., Shang, C., Xiang, M., Li, L., and Cui, X. (2022). Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Implications for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.900381"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yukino-Iwashita, M., Nagatomo, Y., Kawai, A., Taruoka, A., Yumita, Y., Kagami, K., Yasuda, R., Toya, T., Ikegami, Y., and Masaki, N. (2022). Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Gut\u2013Heart Axis: Their Role in the Pathology of Heart Failure. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12111805"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Li, R., You, N., Zhao, X., Li, J., and Jiang, W. (2022). Butyric Acid Ameliorates Myocardial Fibrosis by Regulating M1\/M2 Polarization of Macrophages and Promoting Recovery of Mitochondrial Function. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.875473"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.31.12.1391","article-title":"Short Chain Fatty Acids Dilate Isolated Human Colonic Resistance Arteries","volume":"31","author":"Mortensen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123407","article-title":"Butyrate Increases Cardiac Output and Causes Vasorelaxation in a Healthy Porcine Model","volume":"363","author":"Christensen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033744","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.033744","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate Is an Inotropic Agent With Vasorelaxant and Cardioprotective Properties","volume":"13","author":"Seefeldt","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Zhang, H., Huo, P., Shen, H., Huang, Q., Yang, L., Liu, A., Chen, G., Tao, F., and Liu, K. (2024). The Association between Circulating Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Blood Pressure in Chinese Elderly Population. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78463-7"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay7205","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay7205","article-title":"HDAC Inhibition Improves Cardiopulmonary Function in a Feline Model of Diastolic Dysfunction","volume":"12","author":"Wallner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao0144","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aao0144","article-title":"Histone Deacetylase Activity Governs Diastolic Dysfunction through a Nongenomic Mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Jeong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45440-7","article-title":"Targeting HDAC6 to Treat Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Mice","volume":"15","author":"Ranjbarvaziri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1159\/000438864","article-title":"Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Modulates Cardiac Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Inflammatory Cytokines in Heart Failure","volume":"96","author":"Lkhagva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.07.111","article-title":"Histone Deacetylase Inhibition Improved Cardiac Functions with Direct Antifibrotic Activity in Heart Failure","volume":"168","author":"Kao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, A., Li, Z., Sun, Z., Zhang, D., and Ma, X. (2023). Gut-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids Bridge Cardiac and Systemic Metabolism and Immunity in Heart Failure. J. Nutr. Biochem., 120.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2023.109370"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-015-0262-8","article-title":"Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibition Improves Myocardial Function and Prevents Cardiac Remodeling in Diabetic Mice","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, Y., Fan, C., Li, P., Lu, Y., Chang, X., and Qi, K. (2016). Short Chain Fatty Acids Prevent High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice by Regulating G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Gut Microbiota. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37589"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1213","article-title":"Short-Chain Fatty Acids Protect Against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity via a PPAR\u03b3-Dependent Switch From Lipogenesis to Fat Oxidation","volume":"64","author":"Bleeker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.23","article-title":"Reprogramming of Hepatic Fat Accumulation and \u201cbrowning\u201d of Adipose Tissue by the Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate","volume":"40","author":"Brody","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G528","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00172.2015","article-title":"Lack of Soluble Fiber Drives Diet-Induced Adiposity in Mice","volume":"309","author":"Chassaing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"e984","article-title":"Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Poirier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac120","article-title":"Obesity and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: New Insights and Pathophysiological Targets","volume":"118","author":"Borlaug","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chulenbayeva, L., Issilbayeva, A., Sailybayeva, A., Bekbossynova, M., Kozhakhmetov, S., and Kushugulova, A. (2025). Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Their Metabolic Interactions in Heart Failure. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13020343"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, M., Gu, Y., Li, L., Liu, T., Song, X., Sun, Y., Cao, X., Wang, B., Jiang, K., and Cao, H. (2021). Bile Acid-Gut Microbiota Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093143"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Lv, T., Wang, X., Wu, M., Zhang, R., Yang, X., Fu, Y., and Liu, Z. (2024). Role of the Microbiota\u2013Gut\u2013Heart Axis between Bile Acids and Cardiovascular Disease. Biomed. Pharmacother., 174.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116567"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017020222","article-title":"FXR\/TGR5 Dual Agonist Prevents Progression of Nephropathy in Diabetes and Obesity","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.11.006","article-title":"TGR5 Activation Inhibits Atherosclerosis by Reducing Macrophage Inflammation and Lipid Loading","volume":"14","author":"Pols","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.01.055","article-title":"Bile Acid Control of Metabolism and Inflammation in Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"152","author":"Tailleux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"261","article-title":"The Role of Bile Acids in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Mechanisms to Clinical Implications","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjad098","article-title":"Gut Microbiome-Generated Phenylacetylglutamine from Dietary Protein Is Associated with Crohn\u2019s Disease and Exacerbates Colitis in Mouse Model Possibly via Platelet Activation","volume":"17","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50855-3","article-title":"Gut Microbe-Generated Phenylacetylglutamine Is an Endogenous Allosteric Modulator of \u03922-Adrenergic Receptors","volume":"15","author":"Saha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.3111","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Gut Microbe-generated Metabolite Phenylacetylglutamine in Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"26","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109795","article-title":"Phenylacetylglutamine Increases the Susceptibility of Ventricular Arrhythmias in Heart Failure Mice by Exacerbated Activation of the TLR4\/AKT\/mTOR Signaling Pathway","volume":"116","author":"Fu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/10985549.2024.2345363","article-title":"Effects of Phenylacetylglutamine on the Susceptibility of Atrial Fibrillation in Overpressure-Induced HF Mice","volume":"44","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009972","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.122.009972","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Generated Phenylacetylglutamine and Heart Failure","volume":"16","author":"Romano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verdugo-Meza, A., Ye, J., Dadlani, H., Ghosh, S., and Gibson, D.L. (2020). Connecting the Dots Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Metabolic Syndrome: A Focus on Gut-Derived Metabolites. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051434"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1586038","article-title":"Circulating Levels of the Anti-Oxidant Indoleproprionic Acid Are Associated with Higher Gut Microbiome Diversity","volume":"10","author":"Menni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, X., Li, H., Anjum, K., Zhong, X., Miao, S., Zheng, G., Liu, W., and Li, L. (2022). Dual Role of Indoles Derived from Intestinal Microbiota on Human Health. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.903526"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2009.04.029","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokines in Vascular Dysfunction and Vascular Disease","volume":"78","author":"Sprague","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.08.011","article-title":"Integrated Proteomic Analysis of Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1 and Interleukin 1\u03b2-Induced Endothelial Inflammation","volume":"192","author":"Hoogendijk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2171","article-title":"Evolving Functions of Endothelial Cells in Inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Pober","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2156","article-title":"Getting to the Site of Inflammation: The Leukocyte Adhesion Cascade Updated","volume":"7","author":"Ley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"1314","article-title":"Pulse Wave Velocity, Intima Media Thickness, and Flow-Mediated Dilatation in Patients with Normotensive Normoglycemic Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"21","author":"Ozturk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2014.08.003","article-title":"Impaired Coronary Microvascular and Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"97","author":"Caliskan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4431","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab653","article-title":"Untangling the Pathophysiologic Link between Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction and Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"42","author":"Sinha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.10.027","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Review Topic of the Week","volume":"76","author":"Glassner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005892","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.005892","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303285","article-title":"Risk of Ischaemic Heart Disease in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nationwide Danish Cohort Study","volume":"62","author":"Rungoe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mozos, I. (2015). Mechanisms Linking Red Blood Cell Disorders and Cardiovascular Diseases. BioMed Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/682054"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23430","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000023430","article-title":"Heart Rate Variability and Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"99","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2018.04.008","article-title":"Evaluation of Autonomic Nervous System Functions in Frame of Heart Rate Variability in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Remission","volume":"60","author":"Kutluk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pellissier, S., Dantzer, C., Mondillon, L., Trocme, C., Gauchez, A.-S., Ducros, V., Mathieu, N., Toussaint, B., Fournier, A., and Canini, F. (2014). Relationship between Vagal Tone, Cortisol, TNF-Alpha, Epinephrine and Negative Affects in Crohn\u2019s Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105328"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, P., Zhou, K., Wang, S., Li, P., Chen, S., Lin, G., Zhao, Y., and Wang, T. (2013). Involvement of MAPK\/NF-\u03baB Signaling in the Activation of the Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory Pathway in Experimental Colitis by Chronic Vagus Nerve Stimulation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069424"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707264","article-title":"The Alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor as a Pharmacological Target for Inflammation","volume":"151","author":"Ulloa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612053507828","article-title":"TNF(Alpha) Modulation of Visceral and Spinal Sensory Processing","volume":"11","author":"Hermann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"53","article-title":"TNFalpha: A Trigger of Autonomic Dysfunction","volume":"14","author":"Hermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosci. Rev. J. Bringing Neurobiol. Neurol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.302589","article-title":"The Autonomic Nervous System and Heart Failure","volume":"114","author":"Florea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.300308","article-title":"Adrenergic Nervous System in Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Therapy","volume":"113","author":"Lymperopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e074659","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-074659","article-title":"Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000546","article-title":"Association Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Vitamin D Deficiency: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Pietropaoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07474-z","article-title":"Iron Deficiency in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Prospective Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"67","author":"Bouguen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezzio, C., Brinch, D., Ribaldone, D.G., Cappello, M., Ruzzon, N., Vernero, M., Scalvini, D., Loy, L., Donghi, S., and Ciminnisi, S. (2024). Prevalence, Risk Factors and Association with Clinical Outcomes of Malnutrition and Sarcopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Prospective Study. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16233983"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.05.002","article-title":"Systematic Review of Sarcopenia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"42","author":"Fatani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nishikawa, H., Nakamura, S., Miyazaki, T., Kakimoto, K., Fukunishi, S., Asai, A., Nishiguchi, S., and Higuchi, K. (2021). Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Sarcopenia: Its Mechanism and Clinical Importance. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10184214"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(79)90008-5","article-title":"Adverse Hemodynamic and Ultrastructural Changes in Dog Hearts Subjected to Protein-Calorie Malnutrition","volume":"97","author":"Abel","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anagnostou, D., Theodorakis, N., Hitas, C., Kreouzi, M., Pantos, I., Vamvakou, G., and Nikolaou, M. (2025). Sarcopenia and Cardiogeriatrics: The Links Between Skeletal Muscle Decline and Cardiovascular Aging. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020282"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064071","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"147","author":"Damluji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23970","article-title":"Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Its Association with Clinical Outcomes in Heart Failure: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000682","article-title":"Cardiomyopathy in Children: Classification and Diagnosis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"140","author":"Lipshultz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.12.014","article-title":"Protein-Energy Malnutrition and Outcomes of Hospitalizations for Heart Failure in the USA","volume":"123","author":"Adejumo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahadea, D., Adamczewska, E., Ratajczak, A.E., Rychter, A.M., Zawada, A., Eder, P., Dobrowolska, A., and Krela-Ka\u017amierczak, I. (2021). Iron Deficiency Anemia in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases-A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114008"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhaliwal, S., and Kalogeropoulos, A.P. (2023). Markers of Iron Metabolism and Outcomes in Patients with Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065645"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manceau, H., Ausseil, J., Masson, D., Feugeas, J.-P., Sablonniere, B., Guieu, R., Puy, H., and Peoc\u2019h, K. (2022). Neglected Comorbidity of Chronic Heart Failure: Iron Deficiency. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153214"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac569","article-title":"Iron Deficiency and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"44","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1154","article-title":"Iron Deficiency Impairs Contractility of Human Cardiomyocytes through Decreased Mitochondrial Function","volume":"20","author":"Hoes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125618","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.125618","article-title":"Iron-Deficiency Anemia Reduces Cardiac Contraction by Downregulating RyR2 Channels and Suppressing SERCA Pump Activity","volume":"4","author":"Chung","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000449","article-title":"Vitamin D in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: More than Just a Supplement","volume":"34","author":"Gubatan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fletcher, J., Cooper, S.C., Ghosh, S., and Hewison, M. (2019). The Role of Vitamin D in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanism to Management. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051019"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latic, N., and Erben, R.G. (2020). Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease, with Emphasis on Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, and Heart Failure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186483"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mozos, I., and Marginean, O. (2015). Links between Vitamin D Deficiency and Cardiovascular Diseases. BioMed Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/109275"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2024.102411","article-title":"Unraveling the Complex Pathophysiology of Heart Failure: Insights into the Role of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) and Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)","volume":"49","author":"Maryam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f6bke, T.K., Sorg, B.L., and Steinhilber, D. (2014). Vitamin D in Inflammatory Diseases. Front. Physiol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00244"},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"e10840","article-title":"Role of Vitamin D Supplementation in Heart Failure Patients with Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Effects on Clinical Outcomes: A Literature Review","volume":"12","author":"Busa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.70.821.235","article-title":"Selenium Deficiency, Reversible Cardiomyopathy and Short-Term Intravenous Feeding","volume":"70","author":"Levy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00311635","article-title":"TPN-Induced Fulminant Beriberi: A Report on Our Experience and a Review of the Literature","volume":"26","author":"Kitamura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Surg. Today"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109466","article-title":"The Role of NOD2 in Intestinal Immune Response and Microbiota Modulation: A Therapeutic Target in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masaki, S., Masuta, Y., Honjo, H., Kudo, M., and Watanabe, T. (2024). NOD2-Mediated Dual Negative Regulation of Inflammatory Responses Triggered by TLRs in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1433620"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2013.99","article-title":"NOD2 Deletion Promotes Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis Induced by Pressure Overload","volume":"93","author":"Zong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, Y., Li, J., Gong, L., Shao, S., Chen, H., He, P., and Yan, J. (2025). Casual Effect of Ulcerative Colitis on Chronic Heart Failure: Results from a Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study. BMC Gastroenterol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-03671-y"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minea, H., Singeap, A.-M., Minea, M., Juncu, S., Muzica, C., Sfarti, C.V., Girleanu, I., Chiriac, S., Miftode, I.D., and Stanciu, C. (2024). The Contribution of Genetic and Epigenetic Factors: An Emerging Concept in the Assessment and Prognosis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25158420"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9309","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7771","article-title":"Promoting Effects of IL-23 on Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Are Associated with Increased Expression of IL-17A and Upregulation of the JAK2-STAT3 Signaling Pathway","volume":"16","author":"Liao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, J., Hayder, H., Zayed, Y., and Peng, C. (2018). Overview of MicroRNA Biogenesis, Mechanisms of Actions, and Circulation. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00402"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bahls, M., K\u00f6nemann, S., Markus, M.R.P., Wenzel, K., Friedrich, N., Nauck, M., V\u00f6lzke, H., Steveling, A., Janowitz, D., and Grabe, H.-J. (2019). Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Is Related with Adverse Cardiac Remodeling and High NTproBNP. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51776-8"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307891","article-title":"MicroRNAs: New Players in IBD","volume":"64","author":"Kalla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watanabe, K., Narumi, T., Watanabe, T., Otaki, Y., Takahashi, T., Aono, T., Goto, J., Toshima, T., Sugai, T., and Wanezaki, M. (2020). The Association between microRNA-21 and Hypertension-Induced Cardiac Remodeling. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226053"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07511","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 Contributes to Myocardial Disease by Stimulating MAP Kinase Signalling in Fibroblasts","volume":"456","author":"Thum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suri, K., Bubier, J.A., Wiles, M.V., Shultz, L.D., Amiji, M.M., and Hosur, V. (2021). Role of MicroRNA in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Clinical Evidence and the Development of Preclinical Animal Models. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092204"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248415616188","article-title":"MiR-155 Knockout in Fibroblasts Improves Cardiac Remodeling by Targeting Tumor Protein P53-Inducible Nuclear Protein 1","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001357","article-title":"Macrophage MicroRNA-155 Promotes Cardiac Hypertrophy and Failure","volume":"128","author":"Heymans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.11.045","article-title":"Inflammatory Markers and Risk of Heart Failure with Reduced to Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"167","author":"Albar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e061476","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061476","article-title":"Metabolic Adverse Events Associated with Systemic Corticosteroid Therapy-a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pujades-Rodriguez, M., Morgan, A.W., Cubbon, R.M., and Wu, J. (2020). Dose-Dependent Oral Glucocorticoid Cardiovascular Risks in People with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: A Population-Based Cohort Study. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.11.20034157"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318932","article-title":"Risk of Acute Arterial Events Associated with Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Nationwide French Cohort Study","volume":"69","author":"Kirchgesner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000426","article-title":"Drugs That May Cause or Exacerbate Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/14\/1124\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:13:30Z","timestamp":1760033610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/14\/1124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"references-count":198,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["cells14141124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14141124","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]}}}