{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:05:16Z","timestamp":1790391916311,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The application of artificial intelligence through the brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) is proving to be one of the great advances in neuroscience today. The development of surface electrodes over the cortex and very fine electrodes that can be stereotactically implanted in the brain have moved the science forward to the extent that paralyzed people can play chess and blind people can read letters. However, the introduction of foreign bodies into deeper parts of the central nervous system results in foreign body reaction, scarring, apoptosis, and decreased signaling. Implanted electrodes activate microglia, causing the release of inflammatory factors, the recruitment of systemic inflammatory cells to the site of injury, and ultimately glial scarring and the encapsulation of the electrode. Recordings historically fail between 6 months and 1 year; the longest BCI in use has been 7 years. This article proposes a biomolecular strategy provided by angiogenic cell precursors (ACPs) and nerve cell precursors (NCPs), administered intrathecally. This combination of cells is anticipated to sustain and promote learning across the BCI. Together, through the downstream activation of neurotrophic factors, they may exert a salutary immunomodulatory suppression of inflammation, anti-apoptosis, homeostasis, angiogenesis, differentiation, synaptogenesis, neuritogenesis, and learning-associated plasticity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14151163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T09:31:45Z","timestamp":1753781505000},"page":"1163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Angiogenic Cell Precursors and Neural Cell Precursors in Service to the Brain\u2013Computer Interface"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"suffix":"Sr.","given":"Fraser C.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"The Metropolitan Neurosurgery Group, 1401 Mercantile Lane Suite #341, Upper Marlboro, MD 20774, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4158-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Tuchman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Metropolitan Neurosurgery Group, 1401 Mercantile Lane Suite #341, Upper Marlboro, MD 20774, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40708-023-00199-3","article-title":"Brain\u2013computer interface: Trend, challenges, and threats","volume":"10","author":"Maiseli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Inform."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60151","DOI":"10.2196\/60151","article-title":"Invasive Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Critical Assessment of Current Developments and Future Prospects","volume":"3","author":"Kubben","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Neurotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salahuddin, U., and Gao, P.-X. 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