{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T01:11:56Z","timestamp":1789693916441,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82260727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82260727"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["22367018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22367018"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202101AY070001-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AY070001-010"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["202201AY070001-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AY070001-005"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CXTD202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXTD202203"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024XKTDTS13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XKTDTS13"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["82260727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82260727"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["22367018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22367018"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["202101AY070001-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AY070001-010"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["202201AY070001-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AY070001-005"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["CXTD202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXTD202203"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department","award":["2024XKTDTS13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XKTDTS13"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team Construction Project of Kunming Medical University","award":["82260727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82260727"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team Construction Project of Kunming Medical University","award":["22367018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22367018"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team Construction Project of Kunming Medical University","award":["202101AY070001-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AY070001-010"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team Construction Project of Kunming Medical University","award":["202201AY070001-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AY070001-005"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team Construction Project of Kunming Medical University","award":["CXTD202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXTD202203"]}]},{"name":"Innovation Team Construction Project of Kunming Medical University","award":["2024XKTDTS13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XKTDTS13"]}]},{"name":"First-Class Discipline Team of Kunming Medical University","award":["82260727"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82260727"]}]},{"name":"First-Class Discipline Team of Kunming Medical University","award":["22367018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22367018"]}]},{"name":"First-Class Discipline Team of Kunming Medical University","award":["202101AY070001-010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202101AY070001-010"]}]},{"name":"First-Class Discipline Team of Kunming Medical University","award":["202201AY070001-005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202201AY070001-005"]}]},{"name":"First-Class Discipline Team of Kunming Medical University","award":["CXTD202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CXTD202203"]}]},{"name":"First-Class Discipline Team of Kunming Medical University","award":["2024XKTDTS13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024XKTDTS13"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Swertiamarin (SW), a natural iridoid glycoside primarily isolated from the genus Swertia, Gentianaceae family, has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine systems, including Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Tibetan medicine, for treating fever, diabetes, liver disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Pharmacokinetic studies reveal that SW exhibits rapid absorption but demonstrates low oral bioavailability due to the first-pass effect. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that SW possesses a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective activities. Our analysis demonstrates that SW exerts remarkable therapeutic potential across multiple pathological conditions through coordinated modulation of key signaling cascades, including Nrf2\/HO-1, NF-\u03baB, MAPK, PI3K\/Akt, and PPAR pathways. This comprehensive review systematically consolidates current knowledge on SW\u2019s pharmacokinetic characteristics, toxicity, diverse biological activities, and underlying molecular mechanisms based on extensive preclinical evidence, establishing a scientific foundation for future drug development strategies and potential clinical applications of the potential natural lead compound.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14151173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:55:37Z","timestamp":1753872937000},"page":"1173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Progress in Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacological Effects, and Molecular Mechanisms of Swertiamarin: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0065-087X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao-Xin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Yue","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"},{"name":"Yunnan College of Modern Biomedical Industry, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chi, X., Zhang, F., Gao, Q., Xing, R., and Chen, S. 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