{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:34:39Z","timestamp":1760060079206,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"DELTAS Africa","award":["DEL-15-007","107755\/Z\/15\/Z","110090\/Z\/15\/Z","RG86330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-15-007","107755\/Z\/15\/Z","110090\/Z\/15\/Z","RG86330"]}]},{"name":"Crick-Africa Network (CAN) Fellowship","award":["DEL-15-007","107755\/Z\/15\/Z","110090\/Z\/15\/Z","RG86330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-15-007","107755\/Z\/15\/Z","110090\/Z\/15\/Z","RG86330"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DEL-15-007","107755\/Z\/15\/Z","110090\/Z\/15\/Z","RG86330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-15-007","107755\/Z\/15\/Z","110090\/Z\/15\/Z","RG86330"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cambridge-Africa ALBORADA Research Fund","award":["DEL-15-007","107755\/Z\/15\/Z","110090\/Z\/15\/Z","RG86330"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-15-007","107755\/Z\/15\/Z","110090\/Z\/15\/Z","RG86330"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increasing detection of artemisinin resistance to front-line antimalarials in Africa and notwithstanding the planned roll-out of RTS\u2019S and R21 in Africa, the search for new vaccines with high efficacy remains an imperative. Towards this endeavour, we performed in silico screening to identify Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte stage genes that could be targets of protection or diagnosis. Through the analysis we identified a gene, Pf3D7_1105800, coding for a Plasmodium falciparum subtilisin-like domain-containing protein (PfSDP) and thus dubbed the gene Pfsdp. Genetic diversity assessment revealed the Pfsdp gene to be relatively conserved across continents with signs of directional selection. Using RT qPCR and Western blots, we observed that Pfsdp is expressed in all developmental stages of the parasite both at the transcript and protein level. Immunofluorescence assays found PfSDP protein co-localizing with PfMSP-1 and partially with Pfs48\/45 at the asexual and sexual stages, respectively. Further, we demonstrated that anti-PfSDP peptide-specific antibodies inhibited erythrocyte invasion by 20\u201360% in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that PfSDP protein might play a role in merozoite invasion. We also discovered that PfSDP protein is immunogenic in children from different endemic areas with antibody levels increasing from acute infection to day 7 post-treatment, followed by a gradual decay. The limited effect of antibodies on erythrocyte invasion could imply that it might be more involved in other processes in the development of the parasite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14151184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T06:37:47Z","timestamp":1754030267000},"page":"1184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasmodium falciparum Subtilisin-like Domain-Containing Protein (PfSDP), a Cross-Stage Antigen, Elicits Short-Lived Antibody Response Following Natural Infection with Plasmodium falciparum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3516-8498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas A.","family":"Kengne-Ouafo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Collins M.","family":"Morang\u2019a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy K.","family":"Nyakoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Dosoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richmond","family":"Tackie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00233, Ashanti Region, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2170-7577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe K.","family":"Mutungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saikou Y.","family":"Bah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucas N.","family":"Amenga-Etego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4197-8393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Britta","family":"Urban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon A.","family":"Awandare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bismarck","family":"Dinko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry College of Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00233, Ashanti Region, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8415-2727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaw","family":"Aniweh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 56, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08714","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.08714","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology of artemisinin resistant malaria","volume":"5","author":"Neher","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-34","article-title":"Efficacy of amodiaquine, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and their combination for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children in Cameroon at the time of policy change to artemisinin-based combination therapy","volume":"9","author":"Mbacham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar. 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