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Dysregulation of these modifications directly contributes to major reproductive diseases, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). Post-translational modifications regulate follicular development through intricate mechanisms. Thus, this review systematically synthesizes recent advances in PTMs, encompassing traditional ones such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation, alongside emerging modifications including lactylation, SUMOylation, and ISGylation, thereby constructing a more comprehensive PTM landscape of follicular development. Furthermore, this study dissects the molecular interaction networks of these PTMs during follicular activation, maturation, and ovulation, and uncovers the common mechanisms through which PTM dysregulation contributes to pathological conditions, including hyperandrogenism in PCOS and follicular depletion in POI. Finally, this review ultimately provides a theoretical basis for improving livestock reproductive efficiency and precise intervention in clinical ovarian diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14161292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T13:18:14Z","timestamp":1755695894000},"page":"1292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Post-Translational Modifications in Mammalian Folliculogenesis and Ovarian Pathologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5892-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dake","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junjing","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zipeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mu","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianwen","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqi","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715735","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/715735","article-title":"Physiologic Course of Female Reproductive Function: A Molecular Look into the Prologue of Life","volume":"2015","author":"Rojas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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