{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:40:55Z","timestamp":1760060455614,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]],"date-time":"2025-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adaptive optics transscleral flood illumination (AO-TFI) enables in vivo imaging of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) at near-cellular resolution. In this study, we evaluated its potential as a phenotyping tool in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by analyzing disease-associated structural patterns and their correlation with optical coherence tomography (OCT) features. We examined AO-TFI images from 120 eyes diagnosed with either early-to-advanced dry AMD (including geographic atrophy, GA) or neovascular AMD (nvAMD). Images were graded by a masked reader, and patterns were matched to corresponding OCT findings. Four consistent morphologic patterns were identified: atrophy, pre-atrophy, soft drusen, and reticular pseudodrusen. Morphometric quantification of hyporeflective regions showed progressive changes in perimeter, diameter, and area from reticular pseudodrusen to soft drusen and pre-atrophy, returning to lower values in atrophy. Distinct nvAMD-specific signatures were not identified. AO-TFI offers a practical, high-resolution complement to OCT, AO-SLO, and AO-OCT for phenotypic characterization of AMD in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14171308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:09:32Z","timestamp":1756080572000},"page":"1308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Resolution Adaptive Optics Transscleral Flood Illumination Imaging Allows Phenotyping of Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Safa","family":"Mohanna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Cantonal Hospital of Winterthur, 8400 Winterthur, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9336-8941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leila S.","family":"Eppenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Pf\u00e4ffli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Augenarztpraxis Cham, 6330 Cham, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3768-6408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohrab","family":"Ferdowsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EarlySight S.A., 1202 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Simon-Zoula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EarlySight S.A., 1202 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Amstutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, 6000 Lucerne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9868-154X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas M.","family":"Bachmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medignition A.G., 8004 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute Zurich, University of Zurich, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-2468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Thiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, 6000 Lucerne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin K.","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, 6000 Lucerne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, University of Lucerne, 6005 Lucerne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305702","article-title":"Guidelines for the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA)","volume":"98","author":"Chong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. 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