{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:44:48Z","timestamp":1782135888265,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Friends of Garrett Cumming Research Fund"},{"name":"Muscular Dystrophy Canada"},{"name":"the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)"},{"name":"the Women and Children\u2019s Health Research Institute (WCHRI)"},{"name":"the U.S. Department of Defense"},{"name":"Foundation to Eradicate Duchenne"},{"name":"the Heart and Stroke Foundation Canada"},{"name":"New Frontiers in Research Fund"},{"name":"Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy"},{"name":"University of Alberta Faculty of Graduate"},{"name":"Postdoctoral Studies and postdoctoral fellowship from WCHRI"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal inherited muscle disease caused by mutations in the DMD gene, and the development of gene therapies targeting DMD is rapidly progressing. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and animal models that mimic patient-specific mutations have significantly contributed to the advancement of precision medicine based on individual genetic profiles. Currently, no approved disease-specific therapy exists for DMD cardiomyopathy, which remains one of the leading causes of death in DMD patients. Therefore, the development of effective cardiac therapies represents a critical milestone in DMD research. In this review, we provide an overview of essential cellular and animal models used in DMD research, with a specific focus on the heart. We describe their key characteristics, advantages, and limitations. It is considered that a comprehensive and strategic integration of these models\u2014based on a clear understanding of their respective strengths and weaknesses\u2014will be important for advancing the development and clinical application of targeted therapies for DMD cardiomyopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14171326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T15:49:34Z","timestamp":1756309774000},"page":"1326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cardiac Cell and Animal Models for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in the Era of Gene Therapy and Precision Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8045-113X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidenori","family":"Moriyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7316-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshifumi","family":"Yokota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada"},{"name":"The Friends of Garrett Cumming Research & Muscular Dystrophy Canada HM Toupin Neurological Sciences Research, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00248-3","article-title":"Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"7","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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