{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:46:01Z","timestamp":1778219161102,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["AA011085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA011085"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["AA031262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA031262"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["AA024980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA024980"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["AA031378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA031378"]}]},{"name":"UNC NRI","award":["AA011085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA011085"]}]},{"name":"UNC NRI","award":["AA031262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA031262"]}]},{"name":"UNC NRI","award":["AA024980"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA024980"]}]},{"name":"UNC NRI","award":["AA031378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AA031378"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) causes neurobehavioral deficits and metabolic syndrome in later life. Prenatal choline supplementation (PCS) improves those behavioral deficits. Here we test whether PCS also ameliorates the attendant metabolic syndrome, using an established mouse model that mirrors aspects of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders. Pregnant dams were exposed to alcohol (3 g\/kg) from gestational days 8.5\u201317.5; some dams received additional choline (175% of requirement) by a daily injection. Offspring were followed through to the age of 86 wks with respect to their body composition and glucose tolerance. We found that PAE affected these outcomes in a sex-dependent manner. Male PAE offspring exhibited an increased fat mass, liver enlargement, elevated fasting glucose, and glucose intolerance. Female PAE offspring exhibited an increased fat mass, but the glucose tolerance and fasting values were unaffected. Regardless of sex, PCS attenuated all these metabolic measures. PCS was shown previously to elevate methyl-related choline metabolites and improve fetal growth, suggesting that it acts by attenuating the in utero stressors that otherwise program the fetus for metabolic syndrome in later life. Importantly, PCS also improved the adiposity, fasting glucose, and glucose tolerance in control offspring consuming the fixed-nutrient AIN-93G diet, suggesting that its choline content (1 g\/kg) may be inadequate for optimal rodent health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14181429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T12:08:16Z","timestamp":1757678896000},"page":"1429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prenatal Choline Attenuates the Elevated Adiposity and Glucose Intolerance Caused by Prenatal Alcohol Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4782-6857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn A.","family":"Munson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7009-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George R.","family":"Flentke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7387-2518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra M.","family":"Mooney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30150-4","article-title":"Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","volume":"18","author":"Wozniak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Himmelreich, M., Lutke, C.J., and Hargrove, E.T. 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