{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:29:01Z","timestamp":1788931741806,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2024YFD2401502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFD2401502"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023YFD2400600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD2400600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The early developmental transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding is a critical period in carnivorous fish larvae, often associated with high mortality rates in aquaculture. Although trypsin, a key protease in protein digestion, is hypothesized to play a pivotal role in initiating exogenous feeding, the expression dynamics and functional contributions of trypsin and isoforms during early development remain poorly characterized in carnivorous species. This study explores the critical role of trypsin in the early feeding process of carnivorous fish, using mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) as a model, which is a commercially valuable species that faces significant challenges during this phase due to its strict dependence on live prey and underdeveloped digestive system. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that, compared to herbivorous and omnivorous fish, carnivorous fish have evolved a greater number of trypsins, with a distinct branch specifically dedicated to try. RNA-seq data revealed the expression profiles of 13 trypsins during the early developmental stages of the mandarin fish. Most trypsins began to be expressed in large quantities with the appearance of the pancreas, reaching a peak prior to feeding. In situ hybridization revealed the spatiotemporal expression pattern of trypsins, starting from the pancreas in early development and later extending to the intestines. Furthermore, inhibition of trypsins activity successfully suppressed early oral feeding in mandarin fish, which was achieved by increasing the expression of cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) to suppress appetite. These findings enhance our understanding of the adaptive relationship between the ontogeny of the digestive enzyme system and feeding behavior in carnivorous fish. This research may help alleviate bottleneck issues in aquaculture production by improving the survival rate and growth performance of carnivorous fish during critical early life stages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14191537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T09:37:21Z","timestamp":1759311441000},"page":"1537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Functional Characterization of Trypsin in the Induction of Biologically Live Bait Feeding in Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi) Larvae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaoru","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu-fang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Fisheries, Chinese Perch Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.122","article-title":"Anionic trypsin from the spleen of albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga): Purification, biochemical properties and its application for proteolytic degradation of fish muscle","volume":"15","author":"Poonsin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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