{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T04:42:24Z","timestamp":1760330544562,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Center, Poland","award":["2023\/07\/X\/NZ6\/01239 and 2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/01765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/07\/X\/NZ6\/01239 and 2021\/41\/B\/NZ6\/01765"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Medical University of Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS640, GI16, and PBmb 166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS640, GI16, and PBmb 166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010438","name":"Poznan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Immunodeficiencies are a heterogeneous group of disorders classified etiologically as primary (congenital) or secondary (acquired). Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), such as common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), result from genetic mutations that impair the development and function of lymphocytes. Secondary immunodeficiencies (SIDs) arise as a consequence of chronic diseases, lymphoid malignancies, or immunosuppressive therapies. Aim of the study: The purpose of this study was to assess the serum expression profile of selected microRNAs (miRNAs) in patients with CVID and in those with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and coexisting SID, compared to healthy individuals. Methods: Digital PCR (dPCR) was applied to quantify the serum expression levels of selected miRNAs in patients with CVID, patients with CLL and SID, and in healthy controls. Results: dPCR revealed significantly reduced levels of miR-16, miR-30c, miR-181a, miR-29a, miR-150, and miR-326 in the CVID group, potentially reflecting impaired regulatory mechanisms of the immune system. In contrast, elevated levels of miR-21, miR-125b, and miR-155 were observed in the CLL group with SID, suggesting their role in tumorigenesis and secondary immunosuppression. Correlations between miRNA levels and the expression of immune checkpoints (PD-1, CTLA-4, CD200) indicated the involvement of a complex regulatory network encompassing both humoral and cellular immune mechanisms. Conclusions: The results provide preliminary evidence that selected miRNAs could reflect disease-specific immune dysregulation patterns and may hold potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in both PIDs and SIDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14201577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T12:32:47Z","timestamp":1760099567000},"page":"1577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MicroRNA Deregulation and Immune Checkpoint Interactions in Common Variable Immunodeficiency and CLL-Associated Secondary Immunodeficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9530-6659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Mertowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7121-1396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Mertowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Czosnek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3536-8035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Sosnowska-Pasiarska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncocardiology, Holy Cross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Krasi\u0144ska-P\u0142achta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Fredry 10, 61-107 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zbigniew","family":"Krasi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular, Endovascular Surgery, Angiology and Phlebology, Poznan University of Medical Science, Dluga 1\/2, 61-848 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8080-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Urbanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Bojarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Department, SP ZOZ in Leczna, 52 Krasnystawska Street, 21-010 Leczna, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mansur","family":"Rahnama-Hezavah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 6 Chod\u017aki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Grywalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-024-00938-z","article-title":"Inborn Errors of Immunity (Primary Immunodeficiencies)","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. 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