{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:43:22Z","timestamp":1789051402501,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":264,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adenosine plays a crucial role in various pathophysiological conditions, including neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation can be either beneficial or detrimental to the central nervous system, depending on the intensity and duration of the inflammatory response. Across a wide range of brain disorders, neuroinflammation contributes to both the onset and progression of disease. Notably, neuroinflammation is not limited to conditions primarily classified as neuroinflammatory but is also a key factor in other neurological disorders, including life-threatening neurodegenerative diseases. All four adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) are implicated, to varying degrees, in these conditions. This review aims to summarize the roles of individual adenosine receptor subtypes in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, emphasizing their therapeutic potential. While some therapeutic applications are well-established with clinically approved drugs, others warrant further investigation due to their promising potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14201585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:13:27Z","timestamp":1760361207000},"page":"1585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Adenosine Receptors in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Veronica","family":"Salmaso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9217-1461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Menin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7514-3802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Moro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Modeling Section (MMS), Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1957-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giampiero","family":"Spalluto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2800-5287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Federico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(84)90176-2","article-title":"Adenosine and the Concept of \u2018Retaliatory Metabolites\u2019","volume":"9","author":"Newby","year":"1984","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. 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