{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:43:43Z","timestamp":1792511023300,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HL119053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL119053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HL173025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL173025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HL176673"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL176673"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Merit Review Awards","award":["I01 BX006161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I01 BX006161"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are progressive, life-threatening vascular disorders characterized by focal dilation of the abdominal aorta due to chronic weakening of the arterial wall. The condition often remains asymptomatic until rupture, which carries mortality rates exceeding 70\u201385%. Among the various etiological theories of AAA development, degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) has emerged as the most widely accepted paradigm, with the breakdown of elastin representing a central and irreversible hallmark event. Elastin, a highly cross-linked and durable structural protein, provides elasticity and recoil to the aortic wall. In human AAA specimens, reduced elastin content, impaired cross-linking, and extensive fiber fragmentation are consistently observed, while experimental studies across multiple animal models confirm that elastin degradation directly correlates with aneurysm initiation, expansion, and rupture risk. Elastin loss is driven by a complex interplay of proteolytic enzymes coupled with inflammatory cell infiltration and oxidative stress. Furthermore, elastin-derived peptides perpetuate immune cell recruitment and matrix degradation, creating a vicious cycle of wall injury. Genetic and epigenetic factors, including variants in ECM regulators and dysregulation of non-coding RNAs, further modulate elastin homeostasis in AAA pathobiology. Clinically, biomarkers of elastin turnover and elastin-targeted molecular imaging techniques are emerging as tools for risk stratification. Therapeutically, novel strategies aimed at stabilizing elastin fibers, enhancing cross-linking, or delivering drugs directly to sites of elastin damage have shown promise in preclinical models and early translational studies. In parallel, regenerative approaches employing stem cells, exosomes, and bioengineered elastin scaffolds are under development to restore structural integrity. Collectively, these advances underscore the pivotal roles of elastin not only as a structural determinant of aneurysm development but also as a diagnostic and therapeutic target. This review summarizes and integrates recent discoveries on elastin biology in AAA, with a particular emphasis on molecular mechanisms of elastin degradation and the translational potential of elastin-centered interventions for the prevention and treatment of AAA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14201597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T06:06:32Z","timestamp":1760508392000},"page":"1597","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Elastin in the Pathogenesis of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dunpeng","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"},{"name":"The Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0297-8649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi-You","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"},{"name":"The Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.04.037","article-title":"Increasing incidence of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: A population-based study","volume":"44","author":"Acosta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.1993.42107","article-title":"Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: A population-based study","volume":"18","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.10200","article-title":"Population-based study of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"103","author":"Laine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scaife, M., Giannakopoulos, T., Al-Khoury, G.E., Chaer, R.A., and Avgerinos, E.D. (2016). Contemporary Applications of Ultrasound in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Management. Front. Surg., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2016.00029"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e463","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174526","article-title":"ACC\/AHA 2005 Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): A collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery\/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, Society of Interventional Radiology, and the ACC\/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease): Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Society for Vascular Nursing; TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus; and Vascular Disease Foundation","volume":"113","author":"Hirsch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.1991.26737","article-title":"Suggested standards for reporting on arterial aneurysms. Subcommittee on Reporting Standards for Arterial Aneurysms, Ad Hoc Committee on Reporting Standards, Society for Vascular Surgery and North American Chapter, International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery","volume":"13","author":"Johnston","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2020). Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Diagnosis and Management, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Clinical Guidelines."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195512012532202","article-title":"Arteriosclerotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta; some pathological and clinical correlations","volume":"253","author":"Crane","year":"1955","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000540","article-title":"Potential Medication Treatment According to Pathological Mechanisms in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2010.08.004","article-title":"Diagnosis and monitoring of abdominal aortic aneurysm: Current status and future prospects","volume":"35","author":"Moxon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000133279.07468.9F","article-title":"Abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion: Risk factors and time intervals for surveillance","volume":"110","author":"Brady","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2012.01.003","article-title":"Prediction of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion by means of rate of variation of C-reactive protein plasma levels","volume":"56","author":"Acin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5126","article-title":"Genotype-phenotype relationships in an investigation of the role of proteases in abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion","volume":"92","author":"Eriksson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2008.09.055","article-title":"Doxycycline therapy for abdominal aneurysm: Improved proteolytic balance through reduced neutrophil content","volume":"49","author":"Hanemaaijer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2016.03.008","article-title":"Non-invasive Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Clinical Trial (N-TA(3)CT): Design of a Phase IIb, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of doxycycline for the reduction of growth of small abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"48","author":"Baxter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2008.03.064","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of doxycycline after endoluminal aneurysm repair","volume":"48","author":"Hackmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.05.041","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of doxycycline on the onset and progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm and its related mechanisms","volume":"811","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002291","article-title":"Effect of Beta Blockers on Mortality After Open Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"267","author":"Alshaikh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.28.4.1199","article-title":"Use of beta-blockers during aortic aneurysm repair: Bridging the gap between evidence and effective practice","volume":"28","author":"Brooke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.1176","article-title":"Update on Clinical Trials of Losartan with and Without beta-Blockers to Block Aneurysm Growth in Patients with Marfan Syndrome: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Eagle","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2004.07.008","article-title":"A combination of statins and beta-blockers is independently associated with a reduction in the incidence of perioperative mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery","volume":"28","author":"Kertai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kortekaas, K.E., Meijer, C.A., Hinnen, J.W., Dalman, R.L., Xu, B., Hamming, J.F., and Lindeman, J.H. (2014). ACE inhibitors potently reduce vascular inflammation, results of an open proof-of-concept study in the abdominal aortic aneurysm. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111952"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161115666170413145705","article-title":"Pharmacological Therapy of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: An Update","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.3913","article-title":"Preadmission use of renin-angiotensin blockers and rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm: A nationwide, population-based study","volume":"25","author":"Wemmelund","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000161","article-title":"Reduction of small infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm expansion rate by statins","volume":"41","author":"Periard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2005.12.024","article-title":"Statins are associated with a reduced infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm growth","volume":"32","author":"Schouten","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2005.08.033","article-title":"Mortality and size of abdominal aortic aneurysm at long-term follow-up of patients not treated surgically and treated with and without statins","volume":"97","author":"Sukhija","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11213","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160511213","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of statins on inflammation-related pathways in human abdominal aortic aneurysm tissue","volume":"16","author":"Yoshimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.04.058","article-title":"A combination of PPAR-gamma agonists and HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) as a new therapy for the conservative treatment of AAS (aortic aneurysm syndromes)","volume":"73","author":"Sorice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.09.061","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of infrarenal endovascular aneurysm repair with a commercially available stent graft","volume":"72","author":"Abdulrasak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.07.096","article-title":"A comparison of clinical outcomes of abdominal aortic aneurysm patients with favorable and hostile neck angulation treated by endovascular repair with the Treovance stent graft","volume":"71","author":"Murray","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2019.11.027","article-title":"Overall outcome after endovascular aneurysm repair with a first-generation stent graft (Vanguard): A 20-year single-center experience","volume":"72","author":"Vaaramaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"831","article-title":"Operation experience of atypical ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"53","author":"Shu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.178","article-title":"Successful Management of Extracranial Vertebral Artery Aneurysm by Artificial Vessel Reconstruction","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"265","article-title":"Risk factors for immediate results and long-term survival following elective open surgery for AAA. Statistical analysis of 1111 consecutively-treated patients","volume":"78","author":"Bonardelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Ital. Chir."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2008.01.033","article-title":"The impact of race and insurance type on the outcome of endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair","volume":"47","author":"Lemaire","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.08.022","article-title":"Association of N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide and impaired aortic elastic property in hypertensive patients","volume":"412","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"376","article-title":"Pulse wave and arterial elastic property--the principle and the essence of pulse wave velocity method (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"24","author":"Yoshimura","year":"1976","journal-title":"Kokyu Junkan"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2010.03.009","article-title":"Unraveling the mechanism of elastic fiber assembly: The roles of short fibulins","volume":"42","author":"Yanagisawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10.1.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471143030.cb1001s57","article-title":"Overview of extracellular matrix","volume":"57","author":"Mecham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000000108","article-title":"Biology of the extracellular matrix: An overview","volume":"23","author":"Yue","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/179674a0","article-title":"Anisotropic structures in human elastin","volume":"179","author":"Cruise","year":"1957","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.1994.35.4.475","article-title":"Three dimensional structures of pulmonary elastin; airway vs vascular elastin","volume":"35","author":"Song","year":"1994","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115204","article-title":"Marked longevity of human lung parenchymal elastic fibers deduced from prevalence of D-aspartate and nuclear weapons-related radiocarbon","volume":"87","author":"Shapiro","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-012-0404-9","article-title":"Progressive structural and biomechanical changes in elastin degraded aorta","volume":"12","author":"Chow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomech. Model. Mechanobiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2015.07.009","article-title":"Levels of circulating MMP-7 degraded elastin are elevated in pulmonary disorders","volume":"48","author":"Kristensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skjot-Arkil, H., Clausen, R.E., Nguyen, Q.H., Wang, Y., Zheng, Q., Martinez, F.J., Hogaboam, C.M., Han, M., Klickstein, L.B., and Larsen, M.R. (2012). Measurement of MMP-9 and -12 degraded elastin (ELM) provides unique information on lung tissue degradation. BMC Pulm. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2466-12-34"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0394-8","article-title":"Tissue turnover of collagen type I, III and elastin is elevated in the PCLS model of IPF and can be restored back to vehicle levels using a phosphodiesterase inhibitor","volume":"17","author":"Hansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3109\/01902148309061508","article-title":"Degradation of elastin in experimental elastase-induced emphysema measured by a radioimmunoassay for desmosine","volume":"5","author":"Kuhn","year":"1983","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4165(80)90006-9","article-title":"Aorta elastin turnover in normal and hypercholesterolemic Japanese quail","volume":"630","author":"Lefevre","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2010.10.006","article-title":"Elastin degradation and vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype change precede cell loss and arterial medial calcification in a uremic mouse model of chronic kidney disease","volume":"178","author":"Pai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.06.010","article-title":"Longevity of elastin in human intervertebral disc as probed by the racemization of aspartic acid","volume":"1820","author":"Sivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.08.1440","article-title":"Systemic Biomarkers of Collagen and Elastin Turnover Are Associated with Clinically Relevant Outcomes in COPD","volume":"151","author":"Stolz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4001","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00273-4","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of molecularly-defined collagen-elastin-glycosaminoglycan scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"24","author":"Daamen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.3109\/01902148.2010.489143","article-title":"Characterization of peptide fragments from lung elastin degradation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"36","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Lung Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2018.01.005","article-title":"Elastin in lung development and disease pathogenesis","volume":"73","author":"Mecham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23259","article-title":"Elastin Cables Define the Axial Connective Tissue System in the Murine Lung","volume":"298","author":"Wagner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"696","article-title":"Human elastin gene: New evidence for localization to the long arm of chromosome 7","volume":"48","author":"Fazio","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.26.5.2001-00080c","article-title":"Expression profiling of the developing mouse lung: Insights into the establishment of the extracellular matrix","volume":"26","author":"Mariani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"1","article-title":"The growth and development of the rat aorta. I. Morphological aspects","volume":"113","author":"Berry","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"30","article-title":"The determination of the collagen and elastin amount in the human varicose vein by the computer morphometric method","volume":"18","author":"Haviarova","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gen. Physiol. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470110331.ch2","article-title":"The determination of collagen and elastin","volume":"15","author":"Jackson","year":"1967","journal-title":"Methods Biochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)56248-7","article-title":"The determination of collagen and elastin in tissues","volume":"186","author":"Neuman","year":"1950","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6603(01)70012-8","article-title":"Lysyl oxidases: A novel multifunctional amine oxidase family","volume":"70","author":"Csiszar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. Nucleic Acid. Res. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000038109.84500.1E","article-title":"Inactivation of the Lysyl Oxidase Gene Lox Leads to Aortic Aneurysms, Cardiovascular Dysfunction, and Perinatal Death in Mice","volume":"106","author":"Tikkanen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.1999.00134.x","article-title":"Experimental cerebral aneurysms in the female heterozygous Blotchy mouse","volume":"80","author":"Coutard","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700890223","article-title":"Experimental Lathyrism in Mice","volume":"89","author":"McCallum","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.140558","article-title":"Pharmacologically induced thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice","volume":"55","author":"Kanematsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2013.05.003","article-title":"Pathophysiology of AAA: Heredity vs environment","volume":"56","author":"Bjorck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp124","article-title":"Genetic interaction between the m-AAA protease isoenzymes reveals novel roles in cerebellar degeneration","volume":"18","author":"Martinelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02101887","article-title":"Evolution of the mitochondrial genetic code. IV. AAA as an asparagine codon in some animal mitochondria","volume":"30","author":"Ohama","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"431","article-title":"Human heart aneurysm: Biochemical and morphological characteristics","volume":"6","author":"Kobel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Recent. Adv. Stud. Cardiac Struct. Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-821X(05)80652-8","article-title":"Biochemical and molecular genetic studies of abdominal aortic aneurysm in an Irish population","volume":"8","author":"Ramsbottom","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7842","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200901009","article-title":"Characterisation of the MMP-12-elastin adduct","volume":"15","author":"Bertini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006550503612","article-title":"Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (gelatinase A, MMP-2), membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2) expression by elastin-derived peptides in human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cell line","volume":"16","author":"Brassart","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2019.07.001","article-title":"MMP-14 degrades tropoelastin and elastin","volume":"165","author":"Miekus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25567","article-title":"Elastin accumulation is regulated at the level of degradation by macrophage metalloelastase (MMP-12) during experimental liver fibrosis","volume":"55","author":"Pellicoro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3263","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.94.12.3263","article-title":"Contribution of collagen, elastin, and smooth muscle to in vivo human brachial artery wall stress and elastic modulus","volume":"94","author":"Bank","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109045","article-title":"Urinary excretion of elastin peptides containing desmosin after intratracheal injection of elastase in hamsters","volume":"61","author":"Goldstein","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.3.973","article-title":"Elastase-induced experimental aneurysms in rats","volume":"82","author":"Anidjar","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2016.07.004","article-title":"Animal Models Used to Explore Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: A Systematic Review","volume":"52","author":"Stubbe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berman, A.G., Romary, D.J., Kerr, K.E., Gorazd, N.E., Wigand, M.M., Patnaik, S.S., Finol, E.A., Cox, A.D., and Goergen, C.J. (2022). Experimental aortic aneurysm severity and growth depend on topical elastase concentration and lysyl oxidase inhibition. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04089-8"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8931","article-title":"Targeted gene disruption of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) suppresses development of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"105","author":"Pyo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2023.11889","article-title":"Perfusion pressure of elastase impacts the formation ratio and diameters of abdominal aortic aneurysms in rats","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"e66812","article-title":"Advanced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Modeling in Mice by Combination of Topical Elastase and Oral \u00df-aminopropionitrile","volume":"209","author":"Bontekoe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013743","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013743","article-title":"Plasma Desmosine and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Disease","volume":"8","author":"Mordi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0215334","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 work in concert to produce aortic aneurysms","volume":"110","author":"Longo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs263","article-title":"Deficiency of cathepsin S attenuates angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"96","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.235002","article-title":"Cathepsin K deficiency reduces elastase perfusion-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice","volume":"32","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.517391","article-title":"Neutrophil depletion inhibits experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm formation","volume":"112","author":"Eliason","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1067\/mva.2002.120382","article-title":"Monocyte chemotactic activity in human abdominal aortic aneurysms: Role of elastin degradation peptides and the 67-kD cell surface elastin receptor","volume":"35","author":"Hance","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4536","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502454","article-title":"Elastin-Derived Peptides Promote Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation by Modulating M1\/M2 Macrophage Polarization","volume":"196","author":"Dale","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2006.09.003","article-title":"Biomechanics of abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"40","author":"Vorp","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.672873","article-title":"Elastin Stabilization for Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"115","author":"Isenburg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-016-9709-x","article-title":"Systemic Delivery of Nanoparticles Loaded with Pentagalloyl Glucose Protects Elastic Lamina and Prevents Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Rats","volume":"9","author":"Nosoudi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golledge, J., Thanigaimani, S., and Phie, J. (2021). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Pentagalloyl Glucose Administration on Aortic Expansion in Animal Models. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9101442"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1462","article-title":"Clinical aspects and pathology of so-called spontaneous abdominal hemorrhages; spontaneous rupture of splenic artery aneurysm","volume":"92","author":"Kabay","year":"1951","journal-title":"Orv. Hetil."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1097\/00004424-199910000-00007","article-title":"Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Detection of multilevel vascular pathology by time-resolved multiphase 3D gadolinium MR angiography: Initial report","volume":"34","author":"Schoenberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Investig. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.18.10.1625","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-2 production and its binding to the matrix are increased in abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118037","article-title":"Production and localization of 92-kilodalton gelatinase in abdominal aortic aneurysms. An elastolytic metalloproteinase expressed by aneurysm-infiltrating macrophages","volume":"96","author":"Thompson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2004.12.004","article-title":"MMP-12 has a role in abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice","volume":"137","author":"Longo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0b013e3181b04698","article-title":"Immune cells and molecular mediators in the pathogenesis of the abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"17","author":"Rizas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-1843","article-title":"Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase regulates collagen-dependent mitogen-activated protein\/extracellular signal-related kinase activation and cell migration","volume":"64","author":"Takino","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M806239200","article-title":"Membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase regulates macrophage-dependent elastolytic activity and aneurysm formation in vivo","volume":"284","author":"Xiong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-010-0689-x","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of matrix metalloproteases","volume":"41","author":"Klein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.28139","article-title":"Hes3 Enhances the Malignant Phenotype of Lung Cancer through Upregulating Cyclin D1, Cyclin D3 and MMP7 Expression","volume":"16","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healun.2010.01.008","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in MMP7 and reduced serum levels associate with the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Kastelijn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Heart Lung Transplant."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"4623","article-title":"The expression of MMP-7 in serum and aneurysm tissues of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm associated with hypertension and the clinical efficacy of endovascular exclusion","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15575","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506201102","article-title":"Divergent effects of matrix metalloproteinases 3, 7, 9, and 12 on atherosclerotic plaque stability in mouse brachiocephalic arteries","volume":"102","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvq042","article-title":"MMP-7 mediates cleavage of N-cadherin and promotes smooth muscle cell apoptosis","volume":"87","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15935","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.341156","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-10 (MMP-10) interaction with tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases TIMP-1 and TIMP-2: Binding studies and crystal structure","volume":"287","author":"Batra","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6060(97)90017-9","article-title":"Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in aneurysms and normal aorta","volume":"122","author":"Tamarina","year":"1997","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2012.1644","article-title":"Smooth muscle cells isolated from thoracic aortic aneurysms exhibit increased genomic damage, but similar tendency for apoptosis","volume":"31","author":"Acilan","year":"2012","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"75","article-title":"Smooth muscle cell apoptosis in aneurysmal aortic lesion in the light of surgical treatment results","volume":"4","author":"Bokeriia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vestn. Ross. Akad. Med. Nauk."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.10.055","article-title":"Stimulation of cell growth and resistance to apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells on a chondroitin sulfate\/epidermal growth factor coating","volume":"32","author":"Charbonneau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.175976","article-title":"Chronic apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells accelerates atherosclerosis and promotes calcification and medial degeneration","volume":"102","author":"Clarke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1996.tb33334.x","article-title":"Smooth muscle cell apoptosis and p53 expression in human abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"800","author":"Holmes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2010.02.006","article-title":"Inhibition of caspase-3 differentially affects vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis in the concave versus convex aortic sites in ascending aneurysms with a bicuspid aortic valve","volume":"192","author":"Mohamed","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"II329","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.0000087660.82721.15","article-title":"Abnormal extracellular matrix protein transport associated with increased apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells in marfan syndrome and bicuspid aortic valve thoracic aortic aneurysm","volume":"108","author":"Nataatmadja","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01808885","article-title":"Loss and apoptosis of smooth muscle cells in intracranial aneurysms. Studies with in situ DNA end labeling and antibody against single-stranded DNA","volume":"139","author":"Sakaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/00019501-199710000-00005","article-title":"Vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis in abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"8","author":"Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Coron. Artery Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11270","article-title":"LUCAT1 contributes to MYRF-dependent smooth muscle cell apoptosis and may facilitate aneurysm formation via the sequestration of miR-199a-5p","volume":"44","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"1549","article-title":"Increased apoptosis and decreased density of medial smooth muscle cells in human abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1964.01320060029006","article-title":"Fate of aortic homografts in canine atherosclerosis. 3. study of fresh abdominal and thoracic aortic implants into thoracic aorta: Role of tissue susceptibility in atherogenesis","volume":"89","author":"Haimovici","year":"1964","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000227505.19472.69","article-title":"Neural crest cells retain multipotential characteristics in the developing valves and label the cardiac conduction system","volume":"98","author":"Nakamura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuwabara, W.M., Zhang, L., Schuiki, I., Curi, R., Volchuk, A., and Alba-Loureiro, T.C. (2015). NADPH oxidase-dependent production of reactive oxygen species induces endoplasmatic reticulum stress in neutrophil-like HL60 cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116410"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00096-14","article-title":"NADPH oxidase promotes neutrophil extracellular trap formation in pulmonary aspergillosis","volume":"82","author":"Rohm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000257552.94483.14","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"27","author":"McCormick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.54379","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Pitavastatin to Monocytes\/Macrophages Inhibits Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation in Apoe(\/) Mice","volume":"29","author":"Katsuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612821666150826093855","article-title":"Monocytes, Macrophages and Other Inflammatory Mediators of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"21","author":"Potteaux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.52","article-title":"Monocytes and macrophages in abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"14","author":"Raffort","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2019.52.2.109","article-title":"Morphology of the human aorta and age-related changes: Anatomical facts","volume":"52","author":"Komutrattananont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2101","article-title":"Ageing of the conduit arteries","volume":"211","author":"Greenwald","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aune, D., Schlesinger, S., Norat, T., and Riboli, E. (2018). Tobacco smoking and the risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32100-2"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.112.300158","article-title":"Understanding the effects of tobacco smoke on the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm","volume":"33","author":"Norman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagenh\u00e4user, M.U., Schellinger, I.N., Yoshino, T., Toyama, K., Kayama, Y., Deng, A., Guenther, S.P., Petzold, A., Mulorz, J., and Mulorz, P. (2018). Chronic Nicotine Exposure Induces Murine Aortic Remodeling and Stiffness Segmentation\u2014Implications for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Susceptibility. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01459"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2014.07.008","article-title":"Sex Differences in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: The Role of Sex Hormones","volume":"28","author":"Makrygiannis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2013.07.050","article-title":"Increased estrogen receptor alpha in experimental aortic aneurysms in females compared with males","volume":"186","author":"Laser","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000430986","article-title":"Pioglitazone Identifies a New Target for Aneurysm Treatment: Role of Egr1 in an Experimental Murine Model of Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"52","author":"Charolidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2016.04.028","article-title":"A potential role for glycated cross-links in abdominal aortic aneurysm disease","volume":"65","author":"Koole","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e028081","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.028081","article-title":"Treatment with Small Molecule Inhibitors of Advanced Glycation End-Products Formation and Advanced Glycation End-Products-Mediated Collagen Cross-Linking Promotes Experimental Aortic Aneurysm Progression in Diabetic Mice","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H.Y., Huang, C.Y., Shih, C.M., Chang, W.H., Tsai, C.S., Lin, F.Y., and Shih, C.C. (2015). Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor decreases abdominal aortic aneurysm formation through GLP-1-dependent monocytic activity in mice. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121077"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2021.10.019","article-title":"The effect of diabetes on abdominal aortic aneurysm growth over 2 years","volume":"75","author":"Nordness","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2021.06.013","article-title":"Editor\u2019s Choice\u2014Association Between Metformin Prescription and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Growth and Clinical Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"62","author":"Thanigaimani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Twarda-Clapa, A., Olczak, A., Bia\u0142kowska, A.M., and Kozio\u0142kiewicz, M. (2022). Advanced Glycation End-Products (AGEs): Formation, Chemistry, Classification, Receptors, and Diseases Related to AGEs. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081312"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.07.016","article-title":"Association between diabetes and prevalence and growth rate of abdominal aortic aneurysms: A meta-analysis","volume":"221","author":"Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.02.016","article-title":"Structural requirements for stabilization of vascular elastin by polyphenolic tannins","volume":"27","author":"Isenburg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2016.03.026","article-title":"Inhibition of early AAA formation by aortic intraluminal pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) infusion in a novel porcine AAA model","volume":"7","author":"Kloster","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhital, S., and Vyavahare, N.R. (2020). Nanoparticle-based targeted delivery of pentagalloyl glucose reverses elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm and restores aorta to the healthy state in mice. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227165"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.307207","article-title":"Prevention of abdominal aortic aneurysm progression by targeted inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity with batimastat-loaded nanoparticles","volume":"117","author":"Nosoudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/20\/1597\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T04:14:04Z","timestamp":1760588044000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/20\/1597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"references-count":150,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["cells14201597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14201597","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]}}}