{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:30:07Z","timestamp":1788211807879,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"EU Horizon 2020 CORVOS MSC ITN","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["860044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["860044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Air\u2013liquid interface (ALI) cultures offer a physiologically relevant in vitro model of the airway epithelium (AE), capable of recapitulating key structural and functional features observed in vivo. In this study, we established and validated a murine ALI culture system comprising pseudostratified epithelia with functional tight junctions, ciliated cells and goblet cells. To assess their innate immune functions, we designed and 3D-printed an autoclavable aerosol deposition chamber, which allowed us to expose differentiated AE cultures to house dust mite (HDM) allergen. Upon HDM exposure, AE cells mounted a time-dependent innate immune response characterized by the secretion of complement component C3, the generation of its active cleavage products C3a and increased expression of C3aR and C5aR1. This was associated with increased intracellular TSLP and IL-25 production and TSLP release in AE cells. Progressive loss of tight junction integrity and reduced transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) demonstrated epithelial susceptibility to allergen protease-induced cell damage. Together, we established a murine ALI system preserving airway epithelial architecture and a nebulization system to study innate immune activation of AE cells in response to HDM mimicking the initial phase of allergen sensitization. More generally, we described a powerful and accessible platform for studying epithelial-driven mechanisms in murine airway immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14201598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T06:06:32Z","timestamp":1760508392000},"page":"1598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["House Dust Mite Nebulization Drives Alarmin and Complement Activation in a Murine Tracheal Air\u2013Liquid Interface Culture System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1871-6423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janti Haj","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9980-6578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Einwohlt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mareike","family":"Ohms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Wilflingseder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Vetmeduni, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1121-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"K\u00f6hl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of L\u00fcbeck, 23562 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0910061","article-title":"Airway Mucus Function and Dysfunction","volume":"363","author":"Fahy","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. 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