{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T21:30:51Z","timestamp":1787866251514,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HIV\/INDO-US\/162\/7\/2018-ECD-II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIV\/INDO-US\/162\/7\/2018-ECD-II"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"DBT","award":["IA\/TSG\/19\/600019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/TSG\/19\/600019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Understanding how HIV-1 pathogenesis affects systemic and TB specific immunity in the setting of latent (LTBI+) compared to active TB infection could provide actionable insights for the prevention of reactivation. Fifty HIV-seronegative and 112 HIV-1-positive anti-retroviral therapy (ART)-na\u00efve participants were stratified as LTBI+ (n = 35), active TB+ (n = 22) and non-coinfected (n = 55) based on an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) and clinical confirmation prior to receiving TB therapy. Systemic and TB-specific (DosR and Rpf) immune monitoring of cellular subsets, together with multi-analyte plasma analysis, was carried out. Pursuant to isoniazid prophylaxis therapy (IPT) and ART initiation, HIV-1-positive LTBI+ participants (HLTBI+) were followed for up to two years. Before ART initiation, HLTBI+ individuals exhibited the lowest levels of circulating intermediate monocytes, T-cell activation and PD-1 expression, with a decreased frequency of T-regulatory cells and higher circulating IL-10 and IL-17A. PD-1 expression on CD4+ T cell memory subsets, together with opposing anamnestic TNF-\u03b1 responses to DosR and Rpf, was a discriminatory signature for the HLTBI+ group, as was preserved (following ART) TB-specific TNF-\u03b1 production, which positively correlated with the CD4\/CD8 ratio. Our results highlight an immunomodulatory phenotype conferred by latent TB infection in PLHIV, whose preservation may provide strategies to mitigate TB reactivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14201622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:39:34Z","timestamp":1760701174000},"page":"1622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Protective Immune Signatures Associated with Latent TB Infection in PLHIV\u2014Insights from an Integrative Prospective Immune Monitoring Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Bhowmick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratik","family":"Devadiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sapna","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandan","family":"Mohite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0475-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pranay","family":"Gurav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tejaswini","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varsha","family":"Padwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, 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Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharad","family":"Bhagat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Snehal","family":"Kaginkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7542-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harsha","family":"Palav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0872-1088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shantanu","family":"Birje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Kerkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health research, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Idicula-Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Informatics Centre, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vidya","family":"Nagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Grant Medical College and JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai 400008, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Grant Medical College and JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai 400008, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachee","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, TN Medical College and BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai 400008, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushma","family":"Gaikwad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, TN Medical College and BYL Nair Hospital, Mumbai 400008, 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M.","family":"Bhor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2826-2443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taruna","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innate Immunity, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vainav","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunopathogenesis Lab, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, Mumbai 400012, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations 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