{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T20:52:34Z","timestamp":1782247954535,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss National Foundation","award":["31003A_166119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31003A_166119"]}]},{"name":"foundations Art&Vie and Gelbert"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR), caused by hypo- and hyperglycaemia, is the leading cause of blindness. Hypoglycemia induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and retinal cell death in mice, and low-glucose conditions induce macroautophagy\/autophagy defects in 661W photoreceptor cells and retinal explants. Very few studies have analyzed the effect of hypoglycemia on retinal autophagy, so we decided to fill this gap. (2) Methods: We use C57BL\/6 and GFP-LC3 mice and isolated retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) from both mouse models to study the autophagy process. (3) Results: Intraocular injection of rapamycin and 5 h hypoglycemia showed an increase in autophagosomes formation, specifically in the RGCs. Isolated GFP-LC3 RGCs showed an increase in autophagosome formation under low-glucose conditions. In contrast, infection of isolated C57BL\/6 RGCs with the RFP-GFP-LC3 lentivirus revealed a defect in autophagosome\/lysosome fusion under these conditions. (4) Conclusions: This study showed that 5 h hypoglycemia induces autophagosomes formation in mouse RGCs; however, a defect in the fusion process inhibits the protective effect of autophagy. Therefore, modulating both autophagic and apoptotic pathways might be important to avoid complications associated with DR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14221774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T09:10:45Z","timestamp":1763025045000},"page":"1774","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Autophagy Impairment in Retinal Ganglion Cells Following Hypoglycemia in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Daria","family":"Fresia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Avenue de France 15, CH-1001 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrica","family":"Cannizzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Avenue de France 15, CH-1001 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelica","family":"Borgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Avenue de France 15, CH-1001 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Schwab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Avenue de France 15, CH-1001 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7440-2799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Roduit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy Group, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Avenue de France 15, CH-1001 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.13","article-title":"Neuroretinal alterations in the early stages of diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"30","author":"Carpineto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4692-1","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in diabetic retinopathy: Does it really matter?","volume":"61","author":"Stitt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadq5355","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adq5355","article-title":"Hypoglycemia promotes inner blood-retinal barrier breakdown and retinal vascular leakage in diabetic mice","volume":"17","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. 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