{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:24:50Z","timestamp":1790040290372,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are gaining traction as advanced tools in cancer therapy. They are distinguished by their ability to destroy malignant cells while sparing normal tissue specifically. In addition to their direct tumor-lysing properties, an essential benefit of oncolytic virus therapy is its capacity to activate both the innate and adaptive immune systems. To enhance these therapeutic actions, many OVs have been genetically engineered to encode immune-modulating factors that reestablish or strengthen antitumor immune responses. Recent studies show that combining OVs with other forms of immunotherapy\u2014such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cells, specific T-cell receptor therapies, or autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes\u2014offers significant advances in cancer treatment. This article reviews how OVs work, discusses strategies to enhance their immunogenicity further, and presents the latest rational combinations of oncolytic viruses with other immunotherapies based on current preclinical and clinical research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14221825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T10:30:59Z","timestamp":1763634659000},"page":"1825","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of Modern Cancer Therapies Utilizing Oncolytic Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7137-0648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Su\u0142ek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4046-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Szuster-Ciesielska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Sk\u0142odowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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