{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T12:10:37Z","timestamp":1764245437295,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Eye Institute, National Institute of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21EY029107","K08EY023609","R01EY012392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21EY029107","K08EY023609","R01EY012392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inhibitors of DNA-binding genes (Ids) are key downstream targets of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), gene expression of which is differentially regulated in the chick retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) during altered eye growth. The current study examined the effects of optical defocus on the gene expression of Id1-4 in chick retina, RPE, and choroid after 2 or 48 h of monocular +10 or \u221210 D lens wear. Defocus-induced differential Id gene expression was observed in all three tissues, with defocus sign and treatment duration-related differences. In the choroid, 2 h of +10 D (myopic) defocus induced upregulation of all four of the Ids, with this effect also seen with 48 h exposure, for both Id3 and Id4 genes. Two hours of +10 D defocus also induced upregulation of both Id2 and Id3 in RPE, while 48 h of \u221210 D (hyperopic) defocus induced downregulation of Id1. Gene expression changes in the retina were less predictable. The significant myopic defocus-induced upregulation of expression for all four Id genes in the choroid is consistent with previously observed increased Bmp gene expression in chick RPE under the same conditions, and offers further supporting evidence for important roles for BMPs and downstream signaling pathways in defocus-driven eye growth regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14231883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T11:50:13Z","timestamp":1764244213000},"page":"1883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Imposed Defocus on Inhibitor of DNA-Binding Gene Expression in Chick Posterior Ocular Tissues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Connor","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Hang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wulian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine F.","family":"Wildsoet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.303","article-title":"Increased prevalence of myopia in the United States between 1971\u20131972 and 1999\u20132004","volume":"127","author":"Vitale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. 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