{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T21:44:56Z","timestamp":1772660696679,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early molecular events underlying ethanol-induced oral squamous cell carcinoma development remain insufficiently understood, primarily due to a lack of suitable in vitro systems that recapitulate the initial stages of premalignant transformation. Therefore, a cell culture model of human gingival keratinocytes representing progressive stages of early ethanol-induced cell transformation was established and comprehensively characterized. The three cell lines, named \u201cgingival keratinocytes\u201d (GK), \u201cepithelioid\u201d (EPI) and \u201cfibroblastoid\u201d (FIB), and their derivatives were analyzed by morphological, cell biological and biochemical methods, with an emphasis on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related signaling pathways. All cell lines were non-tumorigenic in vitro. Chronic ethanol exposure induced distinct morphological and molecular alterations that capture early premalignant changes in vitro. This includes reduced E-Cadherin and enhanced Vimentin expression, accompanied by an increased production of reactive oxygen species. Notably, even morphologically stable cell lines displayed metabolic susceptibility to EMT induction, indicating the early activation of transformation-associated signaling cascades even in a premalignant state. These alterations, however, closely mirrored pathohistological features of oral squamous cell carcinomas such as loss of epithelial integrity and acquisition of mesenchymal characteristics. Collectively, the presented model provides a robust and accessible in vitro platform for investigating very early ethanol-induced oral carcinogenesis mechanisms that are relevant in a premalignant state and may facilitate the identification of diagnostic and preventive biomarkers to improve patient outcomes in alcohol-associated oral cancer and precursor lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14231887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T16:31:52Z","timestamp":1764261112000},"page":"1887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chronic Ethanol Exposure Induces Early Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and Premalignant Changes in Gingival Keratinocytes: An In Vitro Model of Very Early Oral Carcinogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Martin Philipp","family":"Dieterle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1924-2694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thorsten","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"Husari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Tomakidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral Biotechnology, Center for Dental Medicine, Medical Center\u2014University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstr. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-006-0111-y","article-title":"Carcinoma of Tongue and the Buccal Mucosa Represent Different Biological Subentities of the Oral Carcinoma","volume":"132","author":"Sathyan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2015.03.006","article-title":"Cancer of the Oral Cavity","volume":"24","author":"Montero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro-Rotta, R.F., Rosa, E.A., Milani, V., Dias, N.R., Masterson, D., da Silva, E.N., and de Sene Am\u00e2ncio Zara, A.L. (2022). The Cost of Oral Cancer: A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266346"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/111652","article-title":"Tobacco and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review of Carcinogenic Pathways","volume":"17","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tob. Induc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"176","article-title":"Alcohol and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"68","author":"Feller","year":"2013","journal-title":"S. Afr. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasin, M.M., Abbas, Z., and Hafeez, A. (2022). Correlation of Histopathological Patterns of OSCC Patients with Tumor Site and Habits. BMC Oral Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02336-6"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (1988). Alcohol Drinking, International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 44."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1770-3","article-title":"Carcinogenic Compounds in Alcoholic Beverages: An Update","volume":"90","author":"Pflaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mds337","article-title":"Light Alcohol Drinking and Cancer: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Bagnardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-019-02958-1","article-title":"The Synergistic Effect of Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption on Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Mello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/18.4.627","article-title":"Detection of DNA Adducts of Acetaldehyde in Peripheral White Blood Cells of Alcohol Abusers","volume":"18","author":"Fang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05184.x","article-title":"The Effects of Chronic Ethanol Consumption on Carcinogen Metabolism and on O6-Methylguanine Transferase-Mediated Repair of Alkylated DNA","volume":"10","author":"Garro","year":"1986","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.5.1177S","article-title":"Importance of a Deficiency in S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine Synthesis in the Pathogenesis of Liver Injury","volume":"76","author":"Latasa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/CCO.0000000000000444","article-title":"Tobacco and Alcohol-Induced Epigenetic Changes in Oral Carcinoma","volume":"30","author":"Ghantous","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.59.115","article-title":"Alcohol and Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Polymorphisms and a New Strategy for Prevention and Screening for Cancer in the Upper Aerodigestive Tract in East Asians","volume":"59","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Keio J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0710","article-title":"Evidence for an Important Role of Alcohol- and Aldehyde-Metabolizing Genes in Cancers of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract","volume":"15","author":"Hashibe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s13193-018-0836-5","article-title":"Role of Poor Oral Hygiene in Causation of Oral Cancer\u2014A Review of Literature","volume":"10","author":"Mathur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02068.x","article-title":"High Salivary Acetaldehyde after a Moderate Dose of Alcohol in ALDH2-Deficient Subjects: Strong Evidence for the Local Carcinogenic Action of Acetaldehyde","volume":"24","author":"Tillonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v35.1.02","article-title":"Alcohol Metabolism and Epigenetics Changes","volume":"35","author":"Zakhari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol. Res. Curr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03637.x","article-title":"Increased Circulating Products of Lipid Peroxidation in Patients with Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"22","author":"Aleynik","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/18.9.1739","article-title":"High Acetaldehyde Levels in Saliva after Ethanol Consumption: Methodological Aspects and Pathogenetic Implications","volume":"18","author":"Homann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/21.4.663","article-title":"Increased Salivary Acetaldehyde Levels in Heavy Drinkers and Smokers: A Microbiological Approach to Oral Cavity Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Homann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2005.48","article-title":"Characterization of Newly Established Oral Cancer Cell Lines Derived from Six Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Two Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma Cells","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arutyunyan, I., Jumaniyazova, E., Makarov, A., and Fatkhudinov, T. (2023). In Vitro Models of Head and Neck Cancer: From Primitive to Most Advanced. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13111575"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdolahinia, E.D., and Han, X. (2023). The Three-Dimensional In Vitro Cell Culture Models in the Study of Oral Cancer Immune Microenvironment. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15174266"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aizawa, Y., Haga, K., Yoshiba, N., Yortchan, W., Takada, S., Tanaka, R., Naito, E., Ab\u00e9, T., Maruyama, S., and Yamazaki, M. (2024). Development and Characterization of a Three-Dimensional Organotypic In Vitro Oral Cancer Model with Four Co-Cultured Cell Types, Including Patient-Derived Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12102373"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.131810.2","article-title":"Development of an in Vitro Microfluidic Model to Study the Role of Microenvironmental Cells in Oral Cancer Metastasis","volume":"12","author":"Scemama","year":"2024","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oor.2024.100622","article-title":"Revolutionizing Precision Medicine in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Harnessing 3D in Vitro Models for Translation","volume":"11","author":"Buldak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oral Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1078\/0171-9335-00317","article-title":"Epithelium and Fibroblast-like Phenotypes Derived from HPV16 E6\/E7-Immortalized Human Gingival Keratinocytes Following Chronic Ethanol Treatment","volume":"82","author":"Chamulitrat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, C., Ramminger, I., Bai, S., Steinberg, T., and Tomakidi, P. (2024). Impairment of Intermediate Filament Expression Reveals Impact on Cell Functions Independent from Keratinocyte Transformation. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13231960"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-007-0551-y","article-title":"Discrimination of Epithelium-like and Fibroblast-like Phenotypes Derived from Ethanol-Treated Immortalised Human Gingival Keratinocytes in Epithelial Equivalents","volume":"332","author":"Steinberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2004.09.004","article-title":"Human Gingival Mucosal Keratinocytes Exhibiting Anchorage-Independent Growth Express Increased Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase: Regulation by MAP Kinases","volume":"11","author":"Chunglok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Steinberg, T., Dieterle, M.P., Ramminger, I., Husari, A., and Tomakidi, P. (2021). FAK Shutdown: Consequences on Epithelial Morphogenesis and Biomarker Expression Involving an Innovative Biomaterial for Tissue Regeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189774"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6045","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206654","article-title":"Association of Gp91phox Homolog Nox1 with Anchorage-Independent Growth and MAP Kinase-Activation of Transformed Human Keratinocytes","volume":"22","author":"Chamulitrat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansieau, S., Collin, G., and Hill, L. (2014). EMT or EMT-Promoting Transcription Factors, Where to Focus the Light?. Front. Oncol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2014.00353"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"i","article-title":"Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition in Oral Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Patil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2019.109382","article-title":"On the Relationship of YAP and FAK in HMSCs and Osteosarcoma Cells: Discrimination of FAK Modulation by Nuclear YAP Depletion or YAP Silencing","volume":"63","author":"Husari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-8329(96)00112-7","article-title":"There Is No Simple Method to Maintain a Constant Ethanol Concentration in Long-Term Cell Culture: Keys to a Solution Applied to the Survey of Astrocytic Ethanol Absorption","volume":"14","author":"Eysseric","year":"1997","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2025, November 01). Leibovitz L15 Medium. Available online: https:\/\/biowest.net\/de\/leibovitz-l15-medium-ohne-l-glutamin-l0300\/."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2025, November 01). Saturated Vapor Pressure. Available online: http:\/\/ddbonline.ddbst.de\/AntoineCalculation\/AntoineCalculationCGI.exe."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2289","article-title":"Establishment and Characterization of Novel Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines from Advanced-stage Tumors of Buccal Mucosa","volume":"41","author":"Gawas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"(2025, January 07). StemXVivo EMT Inducing Media Supplement (100X). Available online: https:\/\/www.rndsystems.com\/products\/stemxvivo-emt-inducing-media-supplement-100x_ccm017#product-citations."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maloy, A., Alexander, S., Andreas, A., Nyunoya, T., and Chandra, D. (2022). Stain-Free Total-Protein Normalization Enhances the Reproducibility of Western Blot Data. Anal. Biochem., 654.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2022.114840"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.3727\/096368912X637037","article-title":"Environmental Biomechanics Substantiated by Defined Pillar Micropatterns Govern Behavior of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"21","author":"Proksch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2025, April 27). DCFDA\/H2DCFDA\u2014Cellular ROS Assay Kit (Ab113851)|Abcam. Available online: https:\/\/www.abcam.com\/en-us\/products\/assay-kits\/dcfda-h2dcfda-cellular-ros-assay-kit-ab113851?srsltid=AfmBOopMHoJ1-DqkzMRzSUo5Ou7kbsW8DYFOyFEdB_ZISckpZnXuiBYF."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2025, April 27). L-Lactate Assay Kit Sufficient for 100 Colorimetric Tests. Available online: https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/DE\/de\/product\/sigma\/mak329?srsltid=AfmBOoo5sWVN6YS5Jztc47C2ZnxDQmPeqW7J1lSnimvTl9xgASkIfET_."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4781","article-title":"ICELLigence Real-Time Cell Analysis System for Examining the Cytotoxicity of Drugs to Cancer Cell Lines (Review)","volume":"14","author":"Albeniz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-959044","article-title":"Analysis of Variance","volume":"132","author":"Bender","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-8352(96)00127-1","article-title":"Robustness of the ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer Statistical Tests","volume":"31","author":"Driscoll","year":"1996","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"(2025, April 27). Tukey Q Calculator. Available online: https:\/\/www.socscistatistics.com\/pvalues\/qcalculator.aspx."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.02.021","article-title":"Multinucleated Giant Cells from Fibroblast Cultures","volume":"32","author":"Holt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600548","article-title":"ADAM10 Cleavage of N-Cadherin and Regulation of Cell\u2013Cell Adhesion and Beta-Catenin Nuclear Signalling","volume":"24","author":"Reiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-0436.1991.tb00217.x","article-title":"Tissue and Age-Specificity of Post-Translational Modifications of N-Cadherin during Chick Embryo Development","volume":"47","author":"Lagunowich","year":"1991","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2012.06.005","article-title":"Merlin: The Wizard Requires Protein Stability to Function as a Tumor Suppressor","volume":"1826","author":"Morrow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, F., Qian, M., He, Q., Zhu, H., and Yang, B. (2020). The Posttranslational Modifications of Hippo-YAP Pathway in Cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gen. Subj., 1864.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2019.07.006"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203874109","article-title":"Phosphorylation Regulates Human OCT4","volume":"109","author":"Brumbaugh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, C., Zhang, K., and Wu, X. (2012). Derivation of Corneal Endothelial Cell-Like Cells from Rat Neural Crest Cells In Vitro. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/931e92e2-ee2d-4f4f-b0b6-89a7a3f8fbad"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, C., and Zhang, K. (2012). Correction: Derivation of Corneal Endothelial Cell-Like Cells from Rat Neural Crest Cells in Vitro. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/931e92e2-ee2d-4f4f-b0b6-89a7a3f8fbad"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2019.1589653","article-title":"The Warburg Effect: Essential Part of Metabolic Reprogramming and Central Contributor to Cancer Progression","volume":"95","author":"Vaupel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180709","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0709","article-title":"In Vitro Cell Migration Quantification Method for Scratch Assays","volume":"16","author":"Bobadilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1161","article-title":"Exploring Animal Models in Oral Cancer Research and Clinical Intervention: A Critical Review","volume":"9","author":"Khayatan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.2103","article-title":"Histological and Molecular Aspects of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Review)","volume":"8","author":"Rivera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345690480061801","article-title":"Effect of Alcohol and Cigarette Smoke as Promoting Agents in Hamster Pouch Carcinogenesis","volume":"48","author":"Elzay","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Dong, H., Yang, G., Song, Y., Mou, Y., and Ni, Y. (2020). Mouse Tumor-Bearing Models as Preclinical Study Platforms for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front. Oncol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00212"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.403","article-title":"Development of Tissue-Engineered Models of Oral Dysplasia and Early Invasive Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"105","author":"Colley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2744(199811)23:3<144::AID-MC3>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Multiple Stages and Genetic Alterations in Immortalization, Malignant Transformation, and Tumor Progression of Human Skin Keratinocytes","volume":"23","author":"Fusenig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.106.3.761","article-title":"Normal Keratinization in a Spontaneously Immortalized Aneuploid Human Keratinocyte Cell Line","volume":"106","author":"Boukamp","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-0436.2006.00099.x","article-title":"Organotypic Co-Cultures Allow for Immortalized Human Gingival Keratinocytes to Reconstitute a Gingival Epithelial Phenotype in Vitro","volume":"74","author":"Steinberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-015-1290-2","article-title":"Generation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells through Epicardial to Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"93","author":"Germani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2009.5","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition","volume":"19","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., Tang, Z., Gong, H., Zhu, L., and Liu, X. (2017). Wnt5a Promotes Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Biosci. Rep., 37.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20171092"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev161927","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.161927","article-title":"Fgf Controls Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions during Gastrulation by Regulating Cell Division and Apicobasal Polarity","volume":"145","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85021","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13116","article-title":"EGF Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition through Phospho-Smad2\/3-Snail Signaling Pathway in Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.2174\/138945010791170860","article-title":"The Role of Notch Signaling Pathway in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) During Development and Tumor Aggressiveness","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radhakrishnan, K., Truong, L., and Carmichael, C.L. (2023). An \u201cUnexpected\u201d Role for EMT Transcription Factors in Hematological Development and Malignancy. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1207360"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2012.2086","article-title":"OCT4 Regulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Its Knockdown Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion","volume":"29","author":"Dai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2017.10.015","article-title":"Disruption of Adherens Junction and Alterations in YAP-Related Proliferation Behavior as Part of the Underlying Cell Transformation Process of Alcohol-Induced Oral Carcinogenesis","volume":"1865","author":"Husari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2023.05.001","article-title":"Cadherin Switching in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Clinicopathological Study","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2024). Erratum Regarding Missing Declaration of Competing Interest Statements in Previously Published Articles. J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res., 14, 360\u2013361.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2024.05.009"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2024). Erratum Regarding Missing Ethical Statements in Previously Published Articles. J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res., 14."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.7.1.18546","article-title":"The 3D Tissue Microenvironment Modulates DNA Methylation and E-Cadherin Expression in Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"DesRochers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.150","article-title":"The Many Faces and Functions of \u03b2-Catenin","volume":"31","author":"Valenta","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00762-6","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Signalling: Function, Biological Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2015.144","article-title":"The Evolving Roles of Canonical WNT Signaling in Stem Cells and Tumorigenesis: Implications in Targeted Cancer Therapies","volume":"96","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2014.11.018","article-title":"Nuclear Signaling from Cadherin Adhesion Complexes","volume":"112","author":"McCrea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e540","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.20341","article-title":"Increased Nuclear \u03b2-Catenin Expression in Oral Potentially Malignant Lesions: A Marker of Epithelial Dysplasia","volume":"20","author":"Reyes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cirug\u00eda Bucal"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2011.01419.x","article-title":"AV Integrins and TGF-\u03b2-Induced EMT: A Circle of Regulation","volume":"16","author":"Mamuya","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0447-4","article-title":"Targeting Focal Adhesion Kinase in Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment","volume":"52","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2015.151","article-title":"Tyrosine 397 Phosphorylation Is Critical for FAK-Promoted Rac1 Activation and Invasive Properties in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells","volume":"96","author":"Chiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-019-00732-y","article-title":"Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) Overexpression and Phosphorylation in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Their Clinicopathological Significance","volume":"26","author":"Kato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10207","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S270342","article-title":"Role of Focal Adhesion Kinase in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Therapeutic Prospect","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6778","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/19.24.6778","article-title":"TAZ: A Novel Transcriptional Co-Activator Regulated by Interactions with 14-3-3 and PDZ Domain Proteins","volume":"19","author":"Kanai","year":"2000","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"27","article-title":"Verteporfin Inhibits YAP Function through Up-Regulating 14-3-3\u03c3 Sequestering YAP in the Cytoplasm","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201797527","article-title":"A Forceful Connection: Mechanoregulation of Oncogenic YAP","volume":"36","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.32604\/or.2022.026085","article-title":"The Role of YAP in the Control of the Metastatic Potential of Oral Cancer","volume":"29","author":"Ahmad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2015.2948","article-title":"The Hippo Pathway Transcriptional Co-Activator, YAP, Confers Resistance to Cisplatin in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"46","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-14-0580","article-title":"A YAP\/TAZ-Regulated Molecular Signature Is Associated with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Hiemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-0825.2001.00731.x","article-title":"Short-Term Exposure to Alcohol Increases the Permeability of Human Oral Mucosa","volume":"7","author":"Howie","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"309","article-title":"A Method for Maintaining Constant Ethanol Concentrations in Cell Culture Media","volume":"27","author":"Simonsson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laird, M., Ku, J.C., Raiten, J., Sriram, S., Moore, M., and Li, Y. (2024). Mitochondrial Metabolism Regulation and Epigenetics in Hypoxia. Front. Physiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1393232"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17036","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.36","article-title":"Redox Regulation in Tumor Cell Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition: Molecular Basis and Therapeutic Strategy","volume":"2","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jena, S.K., Das, S., Chakraborty, S., and Ain, R. (2023). Molecular Determinants of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Mouse Placenta and Trophoblast Stem Cell. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37977-2"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-024-01305-w","article-title":"Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and the Effect of Atorvastatin on It in ARPE-19 Cells","volume":"82","author":"Mysore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-021-01473-0","article-title":"Fluid Flow Exposure Promotes Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Adhesion of Breast Cancer Cells to Endothelial Cells","volume":"23","author":"Fuh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"1878","article-title":"Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells Growing in 3D on Poly-D-lysine or Laminin Present a Stem-like Phenotype and Drug Resistance","volume":"42","author":"Brodaczewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27802","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.8533","article-title":"Genetically-Defined Novel Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines for the Development of Molecular Therapies","volume":"7","author":"Fadlullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2007.01019.x","article-title":"Establishment and Characterization of Immortalized Human Gingival Keratinocyte Cell Lines","volume":"43","author":"Michel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosin, F.C.P., Gonsalves, H., Santos, A.F., de Paula Novaes, C., Huang, I., Deboni, M.C.Z., and Corr\u00eaa, L. (2020). Keratin Expression in Gingival Tissue and Primary Cultured Gingival Keratinocytes: Are There Differences?. Arch. Oral Biol., 117.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2020.104780"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Zeidler, S.V., de Souza Botelho, T., Mendonca, E.F., and Batista, A.C. (2014). E-Cadherin as a Potential Biomarker of Malignant Transformation in Oral Leukoplakia: A Retrospective Cohort Study. BMC Cancer, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-972"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.163238","article-title":"Expression of E-Cadherin in Normal Oral Mucosa, in Oral Precancerous Lesions and in Oral Carcinomas","volume":"9","author":"Sridevi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_166_20","article-title":"Evaluation of E-Cadherin and Vimentin Expression for Different Grades of Oral Epithelial Dysplasia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma\u2014An Immunohistochemical Study","volume":"26","author":"Puneeta","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2022.12.003","article-title":"A Study of RNA M6A Demethylases in Oral Epithelial Dysplasia and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Udompatanakorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-015-1520-y","article-title":"Interactions between Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Cellular Glucose Metabolism","volume":"89","author":"Willems","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"302","article-title":"Seed and Soil: A Conceptual Framework of Metastasis for Clinicians","volume":"110","author":"Faraji","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mo. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2012.09.022","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Regulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Is Essential for Squamous Cell Carcinoma Metastasis","volume":"22","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0663-7","article-title":"Defining a Metabolic Landscape of Tumours: Genome Meets Metabolism","volume":"122","author":"Venkateswaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-06573-6_16","article-title":"Nuclear Morphological Abnormalities in Cancer: A Search for Unifying Mechanisms","volume":"Volume 70","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nuclear, Chromosomal, and Genomic Architecture in Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.07.041","article-title":"Autophagy Reduces Acute Ethanol-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Steatosis in Mice","volume":"139","author":"Ding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-483X(85)90007-1","article-title":"Ethanol Toxicity in Primary Cultures of Rat Myocardial Cells","volume":"36","author":"Butler","year":"1985","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2012.37","article-title":"Ethanol Promotes Cytotoxic Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand through Induction of Reactive Oxygen Species in Prostate Cancer Cells","volume":"16","author":"Plante","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5154","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i35.5154","article-title":"Alcohol Promotes Epithelial Mesenchymal Transformation-Mediated Premetastatic Niche Formation of Colorectal Cancer by Activating Interaction between Laminin-\u03932 and Integrin-\u03921","volume":"28","author":"Nong","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.Y., Park, H.J., Best-Popescu, C., Jang, S., and Park, Y.K. (2015). The Effects of Ethanol on the Morphological and Biochemical Properties of Individual Human Red Blood Cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145327"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alizadeh, E., Castle, J., Quirk, A., Taylor, C.D.L., Xu, W., and Prasad, A. (2020). Cellular Morphological Features Are Predictive Markers of Cancer Cell State. Comput. Biol. Med., 126.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.104044"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2025.02.015","article-title":"E-Cadherin Is a Diagnostic Biomarker in the Progression of Oral Epithelial Dysplasia to Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Kani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofacial Res."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.09.016","article-title":"Unwinding a Path to Nuclear \u03b2-Catenin","volume":"127","author":"He","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"681469","article-title":"Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"2012","author":"Krisanaprakornkit","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Oncol."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"29","article-title":"N-Cadherin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"1","author":"Kenji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nepal. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v9.i11.436","article-title":"Paradoxical Expression Pattern of the Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition-Related Biomarkers CD44, SLUG, N-Cadherin and VSIG1\/Glycoprotein A34 in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors","volume":"9","author":"Gurzu","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2015.05.010","article-title":"Expression of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition\u2013Related Markers in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: ZEB1 as a Potential Biomarker for Poor Clinical Outcome","volume":"46","author":"Jang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, S.G., Alsolami, S.M., Arossa, S., Ramos-Mandujano, G., Parry, A.J., Steckbauer, A., Duarte, C.M., and Li, M. (2022). In Situ Monitoring Reveals Cellular Environmental Instabilities in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture. Commun. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03065-w"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2023.11.14","article-title":"Primary Leiomyosarcoma of the Bone: A Case Report","volume":"58","author":"Alhyassat","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoes, L., Dok, R., Verstrepen, K.J., and Nuyts, S. (2021). Ethanol-Induced Cell Damage Can Result in the Development of Oral Tumors. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13153846"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-01031-z","article-title":"Alcohol Drinking and Head and Neck Cancer Risk: The Joint Effect of Intensity and Duration","volume":"123","author":"Polesel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-017-9690-0","article-title":"Alcohol and Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"36","author":"Kawakita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.06.006","article-title":"Twist, a Master Regulator of Morphogenesis, Plays an Essential Role in Tumor Metastasis","volume":"117","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208429","article-title":"DeltaEF1 Is a Transcriptional Repressor of E-Cadherin and Regulates Epithelial Plasticity in Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"24","author":"Eger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Enderle-Ammour, K., Bader, M., Ahrens, T.D., Franke, K., Timme, S., Csanadi, A., Hoeppner, J., Kulemann, B., Maurer, J., and Reiss, P. (2017). Form Follows Function: Morphological and Immunohistological Insights into Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Characteristics of Tumor Buds. Tumor Biol., 39.","DOI":"10.1177\/1010428317705501"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.29995","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry of YAP and DNp63 and Survival Analysis of Patients Bearing Precancerous Lesion and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Ono","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay3324","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay3324","article-title":"YAP1 Is a Potent Driver of the Onset and Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Omori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"Omori, H., Nishio, M., Masuda, M., Miyachi, Y., Ueda, F., Nakano, T., Sato, K., Mimori, K., Taguchi, K., and Hikasa, H. (2023). Erratum for the Research Article: \u201cYAP1 Is a Potent Driver of the Onset and Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma\u201d. Sci. Adv., 9."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morandi, A., Taddei, M.L., Chiarugi, P., and Giannoni, E. (2017). Targeting the Metabolic Reprogramming That Controls Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Aggressive Tumors. Front. Oncol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2017.00040"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03209-y","article-title":"Metabolic Reprogramming of Normal Oral Fibroblasts Correlated with Increased Glycolytic Metabolism of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Precedes Their Activation into Carcinoma Associated Fibroblasts","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108389","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021108389","article-title":"Cancer Evolution: Darwin and Beyond","volume":"40","author":"Vendramin","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/23\/1887\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T08:40:27Z","timestamp":1764319227000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/14\/23\/1887"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cells14231887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14231887","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]}}}