{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T05:30:44Z","timestamp":1764999044414,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01AI137472","R01AI139092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI137472","R01AI139092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathogenic Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), first identified in Saudi Arabia in 2012, continues to pose a threat to public health. The trimeric spike (S) protein of MERS-CoV binds to the cellular receptor through the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the S1 subunit to initiate virus entry and infection. Therefore, both the S protein and its RBD are targets for the development of MERS-CoV vaccines. Nevertheless, a direct comparison of the immune efficiency of S- and RBD-based MERS-CoV vaccines has not been made. Here, we compared two mRNA vaccines, respectively, targeting the S (S-mRNA) and RBD (RBD-mRNA) of MERS-CoV for their durable immunogenicity, neutralizing activity, and protective efficacy in a mouse model. Both mRNAs encapsulated with lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) maintained strong stability at various temperatures during the detection period. LNP-encapsulated RBD-mRNA elicited significantly higher and more durable antibodies than LNP-encapsulated S-mRNA, maintaining stronger and broadly neutralizing activity against the MERS-CoV original strain, as well as multiple variants containing key mutations within the RBD region. Importantly, RBD-mRNA provided durable protective efficacy against MERS-CoV infection in middle-aged mice, and this protection was associated positively with serum neutralizing antibody titers. Overall, this study identifies RBD-mRNA as an effective vaccine against MERS-CoV, with great potential for further development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14231928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T13:53:30Z","timestamp":1764856410000},"page":"1928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["MERS-CoV RBD-mRNA Presents Better Immunogenicity and Protection than the Spike-mRNA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhishek K.","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Perlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5955-1294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanying","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721","article-title":"Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia","volume":"367","author":"Zaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. 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