{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T01:19:19Z","timestamp":1788484759258,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Miami Clinical and Translational Science Institute","award":["UL1TR002736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002736"]}]},{"name":"the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences and the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities"},{"name":"the NIH\/NINDS","award":["R01NS113969-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS113969-01"]}]},{"name":"the NIH\/NINDS\/NIA","award":["1RF1NS125578-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1RF1NS125578-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death and neurological disability worldwide. The search for biomarkers that indicate TBI severity and prognosis with greater accuracy is ongoing. This study aimed to evaluate the significance of several neuroinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, assessing their potential as biomarkers in pediatric TBI (pTBI). This was an exploratory analysis of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines measured in a subset of 26 children aged 0\u201318 years with TBI and 21 controls. TBI severity was determined by GCS. The functional outcome was measured via the GOS-E score at 6 weeks and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post-injury. Serum samples were analyzed for ICAM-1, VCAM-1, SAA, CRP, IFN-g, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-a, TNF-b, eotaxin, eotaxin-3, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1a, MIP-1b and TARC. Levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-16, MDC, and GM-CSF were increased, and IFN-\u03b3, IL-5, IL-8, and eotaxin-3 were decreased at enrollment when compared with controls. Elevated IL-6 and IL-10 at enrollment were associated with severe TBI (AUC of 1, p = 0.0002 and p = &lt;0.0001, respectively). IL-6, IL-10, IL-16, and TNF-\u03b2 at enrollment and IL-5 at 24 h were elevated in children with unfavorable outcomes, with an AUC &gt; 0.8, suggesting biomarker potential. Our data indicate that several cytokines and chemokines measured after TBI may aid in the assessment of pTBI severity and prognosis. IL-6, IL-10, and IL-16 may show potential as biomarkers for pTBI severity and outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T11:43:31Z","timestamp":1766403811000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Potential Role of Serum Cytokines and Chemokines as Biomarkers of Injury Severity and Functional Outcomes Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4722-704X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Swaby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5872-8532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Skirvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Volunteer, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Mateo Chavez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia Alexis","family":"Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3826-643X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad An\u00e1huac, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3345-7827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlene P.","family":"Pringle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kourtney","family":"Guthrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Coto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Concussion Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5962-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajderkar","family":"Dhanashree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joslyn","family":"Gober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation and Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Karina","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan P.","family":"Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8433-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather J.","family":"McCrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery and Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine\/Jackson Health System, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Loor-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayham","family":"Alkhachroum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine H.","family":"O\u2019Phelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5008-6944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firas","family":"Kobeissy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers (CNMB), Morehouse University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert W.","family":"Keane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Physiology and Biophysics and the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin K.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Center for Neurotrauma, Multiomics & Biomarkers (CNMB), Morehouse University, School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Dalton","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Physiology and Biophysics and the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5460-8834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Pablo","family":"de Rivero Vaccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Physiology and Biophysics and the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5647-0579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Munoz Pareja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Lancet Neurology (2010). 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