{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:35:34Z","timestamp":1785216934911,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FSSF-2023-0046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FSSF-2023-0046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endometritis features an inflammatory milieu in the endometrium, accompanied by the recruitment of immunocompetent cells, including mast cells (MCs). The mechanisms underlying MC involvement in chronic endometritis (CE) and fibrous niche formation remain poorly understood, particularly regarding spatial intercellular interactions in situ. In this study, we used multiplex immunohistochemistry and quantitative immunofluorescence analysis to map the spatial phenotype of MC distribution. Standard histochemical techniques, monoplex and multiplex immunohistochemical staining technologies, light-field microscopy, epifluorescence, and confocal microscopy with multispectral imaging, combined with quantitative immunofluorescence analysis with AI application, were used to identify the spatial phenotyping of quantitative and qualitative features of the endometrial MC population in CE. The increased intensity of endometrial inflammation was accompanied by a rise in the profile of MC content in the endometrium; this accounted for a 0.014% increase in the control and 0.067%, 0.113%, and 0.206% increases in mild, moderate, and severe CE, respectively. We are the first to map the number of MCs that demonstrated loci of accumulations in the endometrium coinciding with foci of fibrous changes. The number of these foci correlated with the severity of chronic endometritis and the development of clinical signs. The frequency of juxtacrine and paracrine MC colocalization with other immunocompetent cells increased with increased CE activity and fibrotic changes: For CD8+ lymphocytes, colocalization increased from 4.6% in the control to 11.6%, 18.5%, and 28.0% in mild, moderate, and severe CE, respectively. For monocytes, colocalization increased from 5.6% in the control to 18.7%, 26.8%, and 28.8% in mild, moderate, and severe CE, respectively. For type 1 macrophages, colocalization increased from 5.6% in the control to 13.5%, 17.4%, and 24.6% in mild, moderate, and severe CE, respectively. For type 2 macrophages, colocalization increased from 3.4% in the control to 9.6%, 9.1%, and 21.5% in mild, moderate, and severe CE, respectively. Spatial patterns of juxtacrine and paracrine MC interactions with other immune cells may provide diagnostic algorithms for chronic endometritis, enabling targeted therapy and preventing fibrotic changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15010038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T16:41:19Z","timestamp":1766594479000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spatial Phenotype of the Mast Cell Population in Endometritis of Various Severities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4822-0956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Mikhalev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Kostin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0175-1968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Kurtser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Radzinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mekan","family":"Orazov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Alekhnovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Prikhodko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8447-2600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grigory","family":"Demyashkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St., 8\/2, 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2888-7999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilya","family":"Klabukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva St. 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6154-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Baranovskii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva St. 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0546-5280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Elieh-Ali-Komi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Allergology, Charit\u00e9-Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t Zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Immunology and Allergology, 12203 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1142-7483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Buchwalow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4060-8355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Tiemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2052-914X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liudmila","family":"Mikhaleva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology Named After Academician A.P. Avtsyn, Russian Scientific Center of Surgery Named after Academician B.V. Petrovsky, 127051 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8347-4556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitrii","family":"Atiakshin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., 117198 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, 394036 Voronezh, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2022.103637","article-title":"Research update for the immune microenvironment of chronic endometritis","volume":"152","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Reprod. 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