{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T06:00:27Z","timestamp":1767765627302,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005297","name":"Medical University of Bialystok","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B.SUB.23.414."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B.SUB.23.414."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>More than 30% of diabetic patients develop dermatopathies linked to inflammation and increased vascular permeability. Considering the role of the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system (RAAS) in diabetic complications, this study examined whether aldosterone (ALDO) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) contribute to diabetes-related skin microangiopathy. Vascular permeability was measured in normoglycemic rats and insulin-dependent (streptozotocin-induced) diabetic rats. The expression of MR, 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (HSD11\u03b22), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), von Willebrand factor (vWF), and the tight junction protein ZO-1 was determined by PCR and immunohistochemistry. Diabetic rats received the MR antagonist eplerenone (EPL, 100 mg\/kg) for 10 days. Additionally, the effects of ALDO and EPL on endothelial permeability were evaluated in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) using a Transwell system. Diabetic rats showed skin atrophy, collagen damage, elevated ALDO levels, reduced MR and HSD11\u03b22 expression, and increased vascular permeability, along with upregulation of VEGF and vWF. EPL markedly reduced these abnormalities. In vitro, ALDO increased endothelial permeability under hyperglycemia, and EPL counteracted this effect. These findings indicate that activation of the ALDO\/MR pathway promotes skin vascular permeability in diabetes through VEGF- and vWF-dependent mechanisms. MR blockade limits these changes, suggesting therapeutic potential in preventing diabetes-associated skin complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15010089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T16:07:07Z","timestamp":1767629227000},"page":"89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Aldosterone in Vascular Permeability in Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4525-6363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Aleksiejczuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmacy and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1454-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Bielicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmacy and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7614-8957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Bruzgo-Grzybko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmacy and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Izabela Suwda","family":"Kalita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiopharmacy Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-569 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7989-0207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam Jan","family":"Olichwier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiopharmacy Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-569 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1363-7951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Mierzejewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Stelmaszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7193-5693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janusz","family":"Dzieciol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8195-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Chabielska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmacy and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6742-3356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Gromotowicz-Poplawska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmacy and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland"},{"name":"Radiopharmacy Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-569 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"325","article-title":"The expression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the skin and its effects on skin physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"70","author":"Aleksiejczuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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