{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T03:47:35Z","timestamp":1791604055724,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":247,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mitochondria not only generate ATP and metabolites essential for nuclear and cytoplasmic processes but also actively shape nuclear epigenetic regulation. Conversely, the nucleus encodes most of the proteins required for mitochondrial functions, and intriguingly, certain nuclear-encoded epigenetic factors\u2014such as DNA and histone modifiers\u2014also localize to mitochondria, where they modulate mitochondria genome stability, gene expression, metabolic flux, and organelle integrity. This reciprocal interplay defines mitochondria as both a source and a target of epigenetic regulation, integrating energy metabolism with gene expression and cellular homeostasis. This review highlights emerging mechanisms that link mitochondrial metabolism to chromatin remodeling, DNA and histone modifications, and transcriptional control, as well as how nuclear epigenetic enzymes translocate into mitochondria and regulates their functions. We also briefly introduce recent methodological advances that enable spatially selective depletion of mitochondrial proteins, offering new tools to dissect this bidirectional communication. Together, these insights underscore mitochondria\u2019s central role as an energetic and epigenetic hub coordinating nuclear function, development, and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15020095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T11:13:18Z","timestamp":1767697998000},"page":"95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Mitochondria and Epigenetic Regulation: Bidirectional Crosstalk and Emerging Mitochondria-Targeted Degron Tools"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yingwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"},{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5975-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaokun","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5243-4191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"},{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3791-4466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa S.","family":"Shock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9537-8476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise T.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2414-0609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hengbin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a016097","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016097","article-title":"The pre-endosymbiont hypothesis: A new perspective on the origin and evolution of mitochondria","volume":"6","author":"Gray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. 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