{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T02:22:14Z","timestamp":1781835734430,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DK135557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK135557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DK107713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK107713"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic wounds exhibit impaired immune function, delayed neutrophils recruitment, and heightened infection risk which compromises early infection control and delays healing. We have demonstrated that topical CCL3 treatment restores neutrophil influx, reduces bacterial infection by ~99%, and accelerates wound healing in diabetic mice. As per Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Guidelines for Investigational New Drug (IND), we conducted a 14-day acute toxicity study in diabetic mice following a single topical administration of CCL3 at effective low dose (1 \u00b5g) and high dose (10 \u00b5g) per wound. Mice were monitored for clinical signs, body weight, and food intake throughout the study period. On day 14, serum biochemistry (ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine, metabolic markers) and histopathology of major organs (liver, kidney, heart, lungs, spleen) were assessed. CCL3-treated diabetic mice exhibited no adverse clinical effects. Hematological and biochemical parameters remained within normal limits, and histopathological analyses revealed no additional organ injury in CCL3-treated groups compared to diabetic control mice. Intriguingly, CCL3-treated mice showed improved ALT levels and reduced hepatic pathology, suggesting hepatoprotective effects and reduced serum IgG, indicating reduced systemic inflammation. Overall, our study demonstrates that diabetic mice tolerate topical CCL3 at doses up to 10 times the effective therapeutic concentration without evidence of systemic organ toxicity. These findings provide strong preclinical support for the translational development of CCL3 as a novel therapy for diabetic wound care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15020120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T12:52:17Z","timestamp":1767963137000},"page":"120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Topical CCL3 Is Well-Tolerated and Improves Liver Function in Diabetic Mice: Evidence from a 14-Day Toxicity Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2773-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepa","family":"Dehari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8890-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajalekshmy","family":"Padmakumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0344-784X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Getnet","family":"Tesfaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1086-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando A.","family":"Fierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6023-048X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo A.","family":"Ameer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"},{"name":"Querrey Simpson Institute for Regenerative Engineering at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1755-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasha H.","family":"Shafikhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy, R., Singh, R., and Shafikhani, S.H. (2024). Infection in Diabetes: Epidemiology, Immune Dysfunctions, and Therapeutics. The Diabetic Foot: Medical and Surgical Management, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-55715-6_17"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2006.12.005","article-title":"Impaired wound healing","volume":"25","author":"Menke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2007.00283.x","article-title":"Why chronic wounds will not heal: A novel hypothesis","volume":"16","author":"Bjarnsholt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72071","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.72071","article-title":"Overriding impaired FPR chemotaxis signaling in diabetic neutrophil stimulates infection control in murine diabetic wound","volume":"11","author":"Roy","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood, S., Jayaraman, V., Huelsmann, E.J., Bonish, B., Burgad, D., Sivaramakrishnan, G., Qin, S., Dipietro, L.A., Zloza, A., and Zhang, C. (2014). Pro-inflammatory chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1) promotes healing in diabetic wounds by restoring the macrophage response. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091574"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.08.428","article-title":"IL-10 Dysregulation Underlies Chemokine Insufficiency, Delayed Macrophage Response, and Impaired Healing in Diabetic Wounds","volume":"142","author":"Roy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12310","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses T3SS to inhibit diabetic wound healing","volume":"23","author":"Goldufsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28967-5","article-title":"CrkII\/Abl phosphorylation cascade is critical for NLRC4 inflammasome activity and is blocked by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT","volume":"13","author":"Mohamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13339","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.13339","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT induces G1 cell cycle arrest in melanoma cells","volume":"23","author":"Mohamed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29063","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.689950","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT induces mitochondrial apoptosis in target host cells in a manner that depends on its GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain activity","volume":"290","author":"Wood","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wood, S.J., Goldufsky, J., and Shafikhani, S.H. (2015). Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT Induces Atypical Anoikis Apoptosis in Target Host Cells by Transforming Crk Adaptor Protein into a Cytotoxin. PLoS Pathog., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004934"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1160\/TH03-11-0720","article-title":"Neutrophil function in the healing wound: Adding insult to injury?","volume":"92","author":"Dovi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2023.0149","article-title":"Macrophage and Neutrophil Dysregulation in Diabetic Wounds","volume":"13","author":"Clayton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199701)14:1<29::AID-DIA300>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Impaired leucocyte functions in diabetic patients","volume":"14","author":"Delamaire","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000392922.30229.b3","article-title":"A matched cohort study of the risk of cancer in users of becaplermin","volume":"24","author":"Ziyadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Ski. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"11","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of Becaplermin gel in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"1","author":"Blume","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chronic Wound Care Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh513","article-title":"A review of the microbiology, antibiotic usage and resistance in chronic skin wounds","volume":"55","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1021780","article-title":"In diabetic foot infections antibiotics are to treat infection, not to heal wounds","volume":"16","author":"Abbas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: A concise update","volume":"6","author":"Ho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2930","article-title":"Drug-induced liver injury with commonly used antibiotics in the all of us research program","volume":"114","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivetti, S., Romano, A., Mastrangelo, S., Attin\u00e0, G., Maurizi, P., and Ruggiero, A. (2023). Aminoglycosides-related ototoxicity: Mechanisms, risk factors, and prevention in pediatric patients. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16101353"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Moran, L.C. (2005). Science, Medicine, and Animals: Teacher\u2019s Guide, ERIC."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.21767\/2172-0479.100099","article-title":"A review on drug testing in animals","volume":"7","author":"Prasad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, R., Gholipourmalekabadi, M., and Shafikhani, S.H. (2024). Animal models for type 1 and type 2 diabetes: Advantages and limitations. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1359685"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000003","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin T induces potent cytotoxicity against a variety of murine and human cancer cell lines","volume":"64","author":"Goldufsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.09.068","article-title":"Non-oncogenic Acute Viral Infections Disrupt Anti-cancer Responses and Lead to Accelerated Cancer-Specific Host Death","volume":"17","author":"Kohlhapp","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24259","article-title":"Food insecurity promotes adiposity in mice","volume":"33","author":"Gil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470942390.mo130043","article-title":"Clinical Chemistry and Other Laboratory Tests on Mouse Plasma or Serum","volume":"3","author":"Rathkolb","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-9194(17)30111-1","article-title":"Clinical pathology and sample collection in the laboratory rodent","volume":"2","author":"McClure","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Exot. Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2006.10.006","article-title":"Selenoprotein expression is essential in endothelial cell development and cardiac muscle function","volume":"17","author":"Shrimali","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord. NMD"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2009.08.009","article-title":"Evaluation of histological scoring systems for tissue-engineered, repaired and osteoarthritic cartilage","volume":"18","author":"Rutgers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22090","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101019R","article-title":"Therapeutic evaluation of immunomodulators in reducing surgical wound infection","volume":"36","author":"Mahmud","year":"2022","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpai.2022.100103","article-title":"Comparison of Pain-Like behaviors in two surgical incision animal models in C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"12","author":"Ulker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdollahi Nejat, M., Stiedl, O., Smit, A.B., and van Kesteren, R.E. (2024). Continuous locomotor activity monitoring to assess animal welfare following intracranial surgery in mice. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2024.1457894"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.10.031","article-title":"Preclinical models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"68","author":"Santhekadur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00290.x","article-title":"Serum immunoglobulin concentrations in diabetic patients","volume":"11","author":"Ardawi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-022-00779-9","article-title":"IgG subclass deposition in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"27","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/jesnt.jesnt_9_22","article-title":"Serum immunoglobulin G as a predictive marker of early renal affection in type-2 diabetic patients: A single-center study","volume":"23","author":"Abdellah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Soc. Nephrol. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12298","article-title":"Association between IgE-mediated allergies and diabetes mellitus type 1 in children and adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Klamt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20573-0","article-title":"House dust mite and Cockroach specific Immunoglobulin E sensitization is associated with diabetes mellitus in the adult Korean population","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706508","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3706508","article-title":"Role of C-Reactive Protein in Diabetic Inflammation","volume":"2022","author":"Stanimirovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J., Chen, S., Liu, X., Duan, H., Kong, J., and Li, Z. (2015). Relationship between C-reactive protein level and diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144406"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology29030034","article-title":"Elevated igG and igM autoantibodies to advanced glycation end products of vascular elastin in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: Relevance to disease initiation and progression","volume":"29","author":"Kostov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bi, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Tian, S., and Sun, C. (2023). The association of alanine aminotransferase and diabetic microvascular complications: A Mendelian randomization study. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1104963"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3329\/emcj.v9i2.76935","article-title":"Serum Alanine TransaminaseLevel in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and It\u2019s Relationship with Glycemic Status","volume":"9","author":"Karmakar","year":"2024","journal-title":"East. Med. Coll. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shibabaw, T., Dessie, G., Molla, M.D., Zerihun, M.F., and Ayelign, B. (2019). Assessment of liver marker enzymes and its association with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res. Notes, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4742-x"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"e3626","article-title":"Elevated liver enzymes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"10","author":"Mandal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2337\/dci24-0094","article-title":"Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) in People with Diabetes: The Need for Screening and Early Intervention. A Consensus Report of the American Diabetes Association","volume":"48","author":"Cusi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.61186\/rabms.9.4.272","article-title":"Pattern of Serum Liver Enzymes in the Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Makaju","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Res. Appl. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"205","article-title":"Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"57","author":"Prashanth","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8179","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008179","article-title":"Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02482.x","article-title":"Histopathological stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes: Prevalences and correlated factors","volume":"31","author":"Leite","year":"2011","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2018.1496744","article-title":"Kidney atrophy vs hypertrophy in diabetes: Which cells are involved?","volume":"17","author":"Habib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.05.145","article-title":"Fibroblast growth factor 1 ameliorates diabetes-induced splenomegaly via suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"528","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2840","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06547-8","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of human adult pancreatic histology reveals separate fatty and fibrotic phenotypes in type 2 diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Dyson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002076","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-002076","article-title":"Histological and transcriptional characterization of the pancreatic acinar tissue in type 1 diabetes","volume":"9","author":"Granlund","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.2147\/VHRM.S11681","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy: From the pathophysiology of the cardiac myocytes to current diagnosis and management strategies","volume":"6","author":"Voulgari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-016-0899-0","article-title":"Are all people with diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors or microvascular complications at very high risk? Findings from the Risk and Prevention Study","volume":"54","author":"Marzona","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2016.10.029","article-title":"White blood cell subtypes and risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Its Complicat."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70032-4","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a cause and a consequence of metabolic syndrome","volume":"2","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3235","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0990","article-title":"New insulin glargine 300 units\/mL versus glargine 100 units\/mL in people with type 2 diabetes using oral agents and basal insulin: Glucose control and hypoglycemia in a 6-month randomized controlled trial (EDITION 2)","volume":"37","author":"Bergenstal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14691","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005963107","article-title":"Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa","volume":"107","author":"Cavalieri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charmoy, M., Brunner-Agten, S., Aebischer, D., Auderset, F., Launois, P., Milon, G., Proudfoot, A.E., and Tacchini-Cottier, F. (2010). Neutrophil-derived CCL3 is essential for the rapid recruitment of dendritic cells to the site of Leishmania major inoculation in resistant mice. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000755"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.3.813","article-title":"Inflammation and activated innate immunity in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes","volume":"27","author":"Pickup","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3685","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3685","article-title":"IgG N-glycans are associated with prevalent and incident complications of type 2 diabetes","volume":"39","author":"Memarian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176341","article-title":"Metformin improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in db\/db mice by inhibiting ferroptosis","volume":"966","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2629","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI124616","article-title":"More friend than foe: The emerging role of neutrophils in tissue repair","volume":"129","author":"Peiseler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filep, J.G. (2022). Targeting Neutrophils for Promoting the Resolution of Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.866747"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz, T.B., Carvalho, F.A., Matafome, P.N., Soares, R.A., Santos, N.C., Travasso, R.D., and Oliveira, M.J. (2021). Mice with Type 2 Diabetes Present Significant Alterations in Their Tissue Biomechanical Properties and Histological Features. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010057"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Xiang, X., Su, S., Zhu, Y., Yan, H., Guo, S., Guo, J., Shang, E.X., Qian, D., and Duan, J.A. (2022). Multi-omics analysis reveals the pathogenesis of db\/db mice diabetic kidney disease and the treatment mechanisms of multi-bioactive compounds combination from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.987668"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.05.008","article-title":"The chemokine superfamily revisited","volume":"36","author":"Zlotnik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.08.004","article-title":"Reduced Bioactive Microbial Products (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns) Contribute to Dysregulated Immune Responses and Impaired Healing in Infected Wounds in Mice with Diabetes","volume":"144","author":"Roy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shafikhani, S. (2025). Closing Editorial: Immunopathogenesis of Bacterial Infection. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14231894"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v042a09","article-title":"Therapeutic assessment of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) in reducing periprosthetic joint infection","volume":"41","author":"Hamilton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Cell Mater."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"795","article-title":"Local vancomycin effectively reduces surgical site infection at implant site in rodents","volume":"43","author":"Kroin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000295","article-title":"Perioperative high inspired oxygen fraction therapy reduces surgical site infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in rats","volume":"65","author":"Kroin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000650","article-title":"Short-term glycemic control is effective in reducing surgical site infection in diabetic rats","volume":"120","author":"Kroin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/2\/120\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T05:23:21Z","timestamp":1768109001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/2\/120"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15020120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15020120","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]}}}