{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:27:39Z","timestamp":1788226059697,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus encompasses a heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders defined by abnormalities in insulin secretion, function, or both. Exogenous insulin therapy has long been the principal treatment strategy for patients with type 1 diabetes and for those in advanced stages of type 2 diabetes. Stem cell therapy has gained significant attention in recent years as a potential curative approach for several life-threatening disorders. In this review, we focus on the use of induced pluripotent stem cells as an alternative source for beta-cell generation, offering a solution to organ scarcity and providing a sustainable supply of insulin-producing cells. We further evaluate current developments in encapsulation technologies and transplantation sites, while noting that the issue of immune-mediated graft rejection continues to be widely debated. The aim of this review is to outline encapsulation techniques and transplantation approaches explored in animal models, and to discuss the risks and challenges anticipated in human clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15020191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T13:02:07Z","timestamp":1768914127000},"page":"191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Stem Cell-Derived Beta-Cell Therapies: Encapsulation Advances and Immunological Hurdles in Diabetes Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sana","family":"Waris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamna Hameetha","family":"Begam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manyam Praveen","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3987-0933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zahra Husain I.","family":"Abdulrasool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8550-3576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muthulakshmi","family":"Avudaiappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northcote House, University of Exeter, The Queens Drive, Devon, Exeter EX4 4QJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5762-3917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra E.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjula","family":"Nandakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Adliya 15503, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Magliano, D.J., and Boyko, E.J. 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