{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:44:59Z","timestamp":1790477099088,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":297,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007332","name":"Autism Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health Ricerca Corrente 2026","award":["RF-2019-12370182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF-2019-12370182"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health partner of the EJP RD","award":["ERP-2023-EJPRD-GNAO1-EU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERP-2023-EJPRD-GNAO1-EU"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["N\u00b0825575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00b0825575"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the immune system is crucial for brain function, particularly in regulating neuroplasticity: on the one hand, glial cells modulate neuronal function, brain circuitry, axon myelination, dendritic spine architecture, and information processing, while on the other hand, neuronal activity can alter the immune response. Neuroinflammation and dysregulation of astroglia and microglia can be detrimental to brain development and function. In particular, maladaptive responses and chronic glial activation have been correlated to synaptic dysfunction in diverse brain conditions. In the present review, we will provide a general introduction to the main players of the neuroimmune response and their ability to modulate neuroplasticity, followed by a comprehensive overview of experimental evidence linking the dysregulation of immune mediators to the disruption of synaptic plasticity in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders, with a specific focus on Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and autism spectrum disorder.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15020201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:11:17Z","timestamp":1768993877000},"page":"201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Dysregulation of Immune Mediators and Synaptic Plasticity in Central Nervous System Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3373-5073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Imbriani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"D'Ambra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"De Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Ionta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Renna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5940-9028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Bonsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2016","article-title":"Neuroimmune interactions: From the brain to the immune system and vice versa","volume":"98","author":"Dantzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. 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