{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:15:00Z","timestamp":1790712900881,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanxi Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Young talent team Program","award":["202204051001029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202204051001029"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Program","award":["202102140601020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102140601020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has emerged as a major pathogen responsible for porcine diarrheal diseases, causing outbreaks of severe diarrhea and high mortality in neonatal piglets, thereby inflicting severe economic losses on the global swine industry. Current commercial PED vaccines, comprising conventional inactivated and live attenuated formulations, have exhibited progressively diminished efficacy in the face of emerging PEDV variants. The development of high-efficiency vaccine platforms is therefore critical for PED control. This study engineered a cellular membrane nanovesicle (CMN)-based vaccine, which differs from existing inactivated or subunit vaccines by presenting the PEDV spike (S) protein on the cell membranes to mimic the bilayer phospholipid structure of the viral envelope. The full-length S protein (FS, aa 19-1309) or a truncated S protein fragment (TS, aa 19-726) was expressed in Expi293F cells, followed by extraction of cell membranes to assemble antigen-displaying CMN vaccines. Compared with commercial live attenuated vaccine, administration of the CMN vaccine elicited high-titer neutralizing antibodies and elevated IFN-\u03b3-producing CD8+ T cells in murine studies. Safety assessments revealed no adverse effects on body weight, hepatic\/renal function indices, or histopathological parameters in vaccinated mice. Furthermore, immunization of piglets elicited notable humoral and CD8+ T cell immune responses. Collectively, the strategy of CMN-based vaccine described herein delivers a potential PEDV vaccine platform, thereby offering a novel avenue for next-generation veterinary vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15020208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T13:55:34Z","timestamp":1769176534000},"page":"208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development of a Cellular Membrane Nanovesicle-Based Vaccine Against Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xianjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weibing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yarong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6058-4481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongfeng","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunbo","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China"},{"name":"School of Elite Biomedical Engineers, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haidong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3980-8440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhida","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, China"},{"name":"School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"The first case of porcine epidemic diarrhea in Canada","volume":"56","author":"Ojkic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. 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