{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T02:30:06Z","timestamp":1770085806586,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5\/10\/FR\/60\/2020-RBMCH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/10\/FR\/60\/2020-RBMCH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fallopian tubes are critical segments of the female reproductive tract and are essential for transporting gametes and embryos. It creates a conducive environment necessary for successful fertilization, early embryo development, and embryo transport. The cellular composition and function of the fallopian tube are tightly regulated by the sex hormones estradiol and progesterone. Therefore, any pathological\/ metabolic condition or exposure to exogenous agents with the potential to alter endocrine levels can have a significant impact on fallopian tube function and health. This review summarizes the effects of medications, infections, pathological conditions, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors that can significantly impact the morphology, histology, cellularity, and functionality of the fallopian tube.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15030269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T12:49:44Z","timestamp":1770036584000},"page":"269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Functional Changes in the Fallopian Tube: Environmental Factors, Lifestyle, Pathological Conditions and Pharmacological Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Opalina","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandhya","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2897-4697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satish Kumar","family":"Adiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Clinical Embryology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manjunath B.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anujith","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore 560065, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0179-9785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganesh","family":"Venkatraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8825-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagarajan","family":"Kannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA"},{"name":"Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA"},{"name":"Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guruprasad","family":"Kalthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Biology, Department of Reproductive Science, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2024.100503","article-title":"Hormonal regulation of cilia in the female reproductive tract","volume":"34","author":"Hunter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocr. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Visnyaiov\u00e1, K., Varga, I., Feitscherov\u00e1, C., Pavl\u00edkov\u00e1, L., Z\u00e1humensk\u00fd, J., and Miku\u0161ov\u00e1, R. (2024). Morphology of the immune cells in the wall of the human uterine tube and their possible impact on reproduction-uterine tube as a possible immune privileged organ. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1325565"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-198012000-00023","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the fallopian tube","volume":"23","author":"Eddy","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaustein, A. (1977). Pathology of the Fallopian Tube. Pathology of the Female Genital Tract, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-6143-6"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-014-0309-x","article-title":"Tubal transport of gametes and embryos: A review of physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"31","author":"Ezzati","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"3031","article-title":"In vivo genetic cell lineage tracing reveals that oviductal secretory cells self-renew and give rise to ciliated cells","volume":"144","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05184-y","article-title":"CDC42 governs normal oviduct multiciliogenesis through activating AKT to ensure timely embryo transport","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2022.02.017","article-title":"Cellular heterogeneity of human fallopian tubes in normal and hydrosalpinx disease states identified using scRNA-seq","volume":"57","author":"Ulrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1207","article-title":"Stem-like epithelial cells are concentrated in the distal end of the fallopian tube: A site for injury and serous cancer initiation","volume":"30","author":"Paik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8989","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9989","article-title":"The Notch and Wnt pathways regulate stemness and differentiation in human fallopian tube organoids","volume":"6","author":"Kessler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.39.3.306","article-title":"Nature of \u201cbasal\u201d and \u201creserve\u201d cells in oviductal and cervical epithelium in man","volume":"39","author":"Peters","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.01.003","article-title":"The Repertoire of Serous Ovarian Cancer Non-Genetic Heterogeneity Revealed by Single-Cell Sequencing of Normal Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells","volume":"37","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa247","article-title":"Editor\u2019s Choice: Endocrinology of the Fallopian tube","volume":"35","author":"Lambalk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-5-4-525","article-title":"Endocrine response in the fallopian tube","volume":"5","author":"Jansen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-010X(19990101)283:1<71::AID-JEZ8>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Deciliation in the ampulla of the rat oviduct and effects of estrogen on the process","volume":"283","author":"Reeder","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Zool."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Einspanier, R., and Schoen, J. (2013). In vitro mimicking of estrous cycle stages in porcine oviduct epithelium cells: Estradiol and progesterone regulate differentiation, gene expression, and cellular function. Biol. Reprod., 89.","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.108829"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1956-8_12","article-title":"Isolation of Fallopian Tube Epithelium for Assessment of Cilia Beating Frequency (CBF)","volume":"Volume 2424","author":"Russo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ovarian Cancer. Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa157","article-title":"Exposure of human fallopian tube epithelium to elevated testosterone results in alteration of cilia gene expression and beating","volume":"35","author":"Colina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-8-48","article-title":"Rapid effects of progesterone on ciliary beat frequency in the mouse fallopian tube","volume":"8","author":"Bylander","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R125","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-19-0189","article-title":"Roles of steroid hormones in oviductal function","volume":"159","author":"Barton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gaad012","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaad012","article-title":"Cyclic processes in the uterine tubes, endometrium, myometrium, and cervix: Pathways and perturbations","volume":"29","author":"Menkhorst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2003.11.033","article-title":"Lessons learned from perinatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol","volume":"199","author":"Newbold","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2016.09.001","article-title":"Impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals on onset and development of female reproductive disorders and hormone-related cancer","volume":"16","author":"Scsukova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canipari, R., De Santis, L., and Cecconi, S. (2020). Female Fertility and Environmental Pollution. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17238802"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-20-685","article-title":"Impact of environmental toxin exposure on male fertility potential","volume":"9","author":"Krzastek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(98)00348-8","article-title":"Influence of organochlorine pesticides on ATPase activities of microsomal fractions of bovine oviductal and endometrial cells","volume":"104","author":"Tiemann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(03)00016-X","article-title":"Forskolin-induced cyclic AMP signaling in single adherent bovine oviductal cells: Effect of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPM)","volume":"17","author":"Tiemann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2535\/ofaj.88.57","article-title":"The morphological and functional observation of the gap junction proteins in the oviduct epithelia in young and adult hamsters","volume":"88","author":"Yan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.961041318","article-title":"Interaction of environmental chemicals with the estrogen and progesterone receptors from the oviduct of the American alligator. Environ Health Perspect","volume":"104","author":"Vonier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"242","article-title":"Malathion induced histopathological effects on goat oviduct","volume":"242","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233707076773","article-title":"Fallopian damage induced by organophosphate insecticide methyl parathion, and protective effect of vitamins E and C on ultrastructural changes in rats","volume":"23","author":"Guney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"37","article-title":"Impact of in utero exposure of Triazophos on reproductive system functions in female albino rats, Rattus norvegicus","volume":"26","author":"Bhanot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5373","article-title":"Mechanism of trace acetamiprid-caused reproductive disorders in silkworm, Bombyx mori","volume":"75","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"33","article-title":"Effect of methomyl formulation, a carbamate pesticide on ovarian follicular development and fertility in albino mice","volume":"33","author":"Shanthalatha","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"374","article-title":"Effect of cypermethrin on the ovarian activity and its impact on fertility and pubertal onset of offspring","volume":"6","author":"Yajurvedi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1017\/S0967199421000277","article-title":"Oxidative stress induced by methomyl exposure reduces the quality of early embryo development in mice","volume":"30","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420270316","article-title":"Developmentally arrested oviduct: A structural and functional defect in mice following prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol","volume":"27","author":"Newbold","year":"1983","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"83","article-title":"Cellular and molecular effects of developmental exposure to diethylstilbestrol: Implications for other environmental estrogens","volume":"103","author":"Newbold","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2011.09.006","article-title":"Neonatal diethylstilbestrol exposure disrupts female reproductive tract structure\/function via both direct and indirect mechanisms in the hamster","volume":"32","author":"Alwis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0800045","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to bisphenol a at environmentally relevant doses adversely affects the murine female reproductive tract later in life","volume":"117","author":"Newbold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-024-03940-y","article-title":"Environmental factors affecting female fertility","volume":"86","author":"Sakali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.09.027","article-title":"The effect of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on bovine oviductal contractions and LIF synthesis during estrous cycle, in vitro studies","volume":"133","author":"Wrobel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Veter. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhardwaj, J.K., Paliwal, A., and Saraf, P. (2021). Effects of heavy metals on reproduction owing to infertility. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol., 35.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22823"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6238(95)02002-0","article-title":"Cigarette smoke inhalation affects the reproductive system of female hamsters","volume":"9","author":"Magers","year":"1995","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mass\u00e1nyi, P., Mass\u00e1nyi, M., Madeddu, R., Stawarz, R., and Luk\u00e1\u010d, N. (2020). Effects of Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury on the Structure and Function of Reproductive Organs. Toxics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics8040094"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-1281(76)80049-9","article-title":"Histological, histochemical and biochemical effects of cadmium chloride in female koel (Eudynamys scolopacea)","volume":"57","author":"Sarkar","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"311","article-title":"Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies on the oviducts of Pekin ducks fed methyl mercury containing diets","volume":"1985","author":"Balachandran","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scan. Electron. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3906\/biy-1407-6","article-title":"Effects of long-term exposure of female rats to low levels of lead: Ovary and uterus histological architecture changes","volume":"39","author":"Dumitrescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"146","article-title":"Histological studies of the effects of monosodium glutamate of the fallopian tubes of adult female Wistar rats","volume":"2","author":"Eweka","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0310091","article-title":"Effect of nicotine on the motility of the oviducts in the rhesus monkey: A preliminary report","volume":"31","author":"Neri","year":"1972","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(97)00100-7","article-title":"Cigarette smoke inhibits oocyte cumulus complex pick-up by the oviduct in vitro independent of ciliary beat frequency","volume":"12","author":"Knoll","year":"1998","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)59402-3","article-title":"The association between smoking and female infertility as influenced by cause of the infertility","volume":"48","author":"Phipps","year":"1987","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3736\/jcim20100111","article-title":"Effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field on fertility and heights of epithelial cells in pre-implantation stage endometrium and fallopian tube in mice","volume":"8","author":"Rajaei","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chin. Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149731","article-title":"The pesticide health risk index\u2014An application to the world\u2019s countries","volume":"801","author":"Maggi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-021-00946-7","article-title":"Global footprints of organochlorine pesticides: A pan-global survey","volume":"44","author":"Keswani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0274(199704)31:4<445::AID-AJIM11>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Association between female infertility and agricultural work history","volume":"31","author":"Fuortes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"311","article-title":"Cancer incidence in the Agricultural Health Study after 20 years of follow-up","volume":"30","author":"Lerro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00872-x","article-title":"The regulation of endocrine-disrupting chemicals to minimize their impact on health","volume":"19","author":"Maffini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11888","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c03236","article-title":"Rebuttal to Correspondence on \u201cGlobal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Associated Burden of Low Birthweight\u201d","volume":"57","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2005.09.009","article-title":"Endocrine disrupters and female reproductive health","volume":"20","author":"McLachlan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"47","article-title":"Modern lifestyle: A threat to fertility","volume":"3","author":"Manani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1652_17","article-title":"Environmental & occupational exposure & female reproductive dysfunction","volume":"150","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abalo, R. (2021). Coffee and Caffeine Consumption for Human Health. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13092918"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01266.x","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of caffeine on pacemaker activity in the oviduct is mediated by cAMP-regulated conductances","volume":"163","author":"Dixon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-020-00924-y","article-title":"National, regional, and global prevalence of cigarette smoking among women\/females in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Jafari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horne, A.W., Brown, J.K., Nio-Kobayashi, J., Abidin, H.B., Adin, Z.E., Boswell, L., Burgess, S., Lee, K.F., and Duncan, W.C. (2014). The association between smoking and ectopic pregnancy: Why nicotine is BAD for your fallopian tube. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089400"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.08.022","article-title":"Demographic, lifestyle, and reproductive risk factors for ectopic pregnancy","volume":"110","author":"Gaskins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Alcohol Collaborators (2018). Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet, 392, 1015\u20131035."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(82)90335-5","article-title":"Female reproduction during chronic ethanol consumption in rats","volume":"17","author":"Krueger","year":"1982","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(98)00257-X","article-title":"Alcohol and caffeine consumption and decreased fertility","volume":"70","author":"Hakim","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2016.06.001","article-title":"Ethanol impedes embryo transport and impairs oviduct epithelium","volume":"357\u2013358","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, D., Liu, L., Xia, Q., Wang, W., Wu, S., Tian, G., Liu, Y., Ni, J., Wu, S., and Guo, X. (2017). Female alcohol consumption and fecundability: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14261-8"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2015.01.004","article-title":"Pathogenesis of fallopian tube damage caused by Chlamydia trachomatis infections","volume":"92","author":"Hafner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenz, J.D., and Dillard, J.P. (2018). Pathogenesis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and the Host Defense in Ascending Infections of Human Fallopian Tube. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02710"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, W., Zhang, D., Ouyang, J., Liang, Y., Zhang, H., Huang, Z., Liang, G., Zhu, Q., Guan, X., and Zhang, J. (2018). Effects of pelvic endometriosis and adenomyosis on ciliary beat frequency and muscular contractions in the human fallopian tube. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0361-y"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Za\u0142\u0119cka, J., Pankiewicz, K., Issat, T., and Lauda\u0144ski, P. (2022). Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Association between Endometriosis and Ectopic Pregnancy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073490"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000218869.52753.c7","article-title":"The associations between pelvic inflammatory disease, Trichomonas vaginalis infection, and positive herpes simplex virus type 2 serology","volume":"33","author":"Cherpes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/del385","article-title":"Human oviductal epithelial cells express Toll-like receptor 3 and respond to double-stranded RNA: Fallopian tube-specific mucosal immunity against viral infection","volume":"22","author":"Nasu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"930","article-title":"A review on \u201cfallopian tube blockage\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Parmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gore.2022.101017","article-title":"An evaluation of the microbiota of the upper reproductive tract of women with and without epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"42","author":"Brewster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asangba, A.E., Chen, J., Goergen, K.M., Larson, M.C., Oberg, A.L., Casarin, J., Multinu, F., Kaufmann, S.H., Mariani, A., and Chia, N. (2023). Diagnostic and prognostic potential of the microbiome in ovarian cancer treatment response. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27555-x"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RP89830","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.89830.3","article-title":"Identification of fallopian tube microbiota and its association with ovarian cancer","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2019.09.778","article-title":"Endometriosis and Ectopic Pregnancy: A Meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Yong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashshi, A.M., Batwa, S.A., Kutbi, S.Y., Malibary, F.A., Batwa, M., and Refaat, B. (2015). Prevalence of 7 sexually transmitted organisms by multiplex real-time PCR in Fallopian tube specimens collected from Saudi women with and without ectopic pregnancy. BMC Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1313-1"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2514-7","article-title":"Prevalence of cytomegalovirus, and its effect on the expression of inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthases in Fallopian tubes collected from women with and without ectopic pregnancy","volume":"35","author":"Batwa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"288","article-title":"Endometritis and acute salpingitis associated with Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus type two","volume":"65","author":"Paavonen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-021-01523-9","article-title":"Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Management of Female Genital Tuberculosis","volume":"71","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynecol. India"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-018-0615-2","article-title":"Effect of antitubercular treatment on the pregnancy outcomes and prognoses of patients with genital tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr\/27379200","article-title":"Female genital tuberculosis: Hysterosalpingographic appearances","volume":"77","author":"Chavhan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"245","article-title":"Hysterosalpingographic appearances of female genital tract tuberculosis: Part I. Fallopian tube","volume":"7","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"297","article-title":"Hysterosalpingographic findings in women with genital tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Farrokh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-007-0419-0","article-title":"Genital tuberculosis: An important cause of Asherman\u2019s syndrome in India","volume":"277","author":"Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"e28708","article-title":"Tuberculosis in the Female Genital Tract","volume":"14","author":"Kesharwani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019052","article-title":"Salpingectomy improves in-vitro fertilization outcome in patients with a hydrosalpinx: Blind victimization of the fallopian tube?","volume":"11","author":"Puttemans","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"379","article-title":"A review of female infertility: Important etiological factors and management","volume":"2","author":"Olooto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2019.01.011","article-title":"Hydrosalpinx\u2014Salpingostomy, salpingectomy or tubal occlusion","volume":"59","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.18782\/2582-2845.8235","article-title":"Causes of Female Infertility: A Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"Neog","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Pure Appl. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.292085070","article-title":"MR Imaging findings of hydrosalpinx: A comprehensive review. Radiographics","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2019.11.065","article-title":"Safety and Assisted Reproductive Technology Outcomes of Hysteroscopic Tubal Microinserts Versus Laparoscopic Proximal Tubal Occlusion or Salpingectomy for Hydrosalpinges Treatment","volume":"42","author":"Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S1038-3188(99)00003-0","article-title":"The fallopian tube and reproductive health","volume":"12","author":"Mastroianni","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Adolesc. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.08.008","article-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases and infertility","volume":"216","author":"Tsevat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11247-5","article-title":"Peritoneal fluid, endometriosis, and ciliary beat frequency in the human fallopian tube","volume":"360","author":"Lyons","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1379","article-title":"The effect of interleukin-6 on ciliary beat frequency in the human fallopian tube","volume":"90","author":"Papathanasiou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"18","article-title":"Fallopian tube and endometriosis: An ambiguous relationship","volume":"2019","author":"Audebert","year":"2019","journal-title":"EGO Eur. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-6980(81)90199-4","article-title":"The influence of prostaglandins on sperm motility","volume":"21","author":"Schlegel","year":"1981","journal-title":"Prostaglandins"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"295","article-title":"Immobilisation des spermatozo\u00efdes par le liquide p\u00e9riton\u00e9al de femmes st\u00e9riles. Premiers r\u00e9sultats [Immobilization of spermatozoa by peritoneal fluid in sterile women. Preliminary results]","volume":"14","author":"Dorez","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obstet. Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh606","article-title":"Endometriosis affects sperm-endosalpingeal interactions","volume":"20","author":"Reeve","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13118","article-title":"Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on motility of isolated fallopian tube","volume":"46","author":"Protrka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-006-0172-5","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of selected antiepileptics on spontaneous motility of isolated human oviducts","volume":"62","author":"Jankovic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1969.tb06153.x","article-title":"The effects of sympathomimetic drugs and bradykinin on the human fallopian tube in vitro using isometric recording methods","volume":"76","author":"Senior","year":"1969","journal-title":"Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(71)90688-0","article-title":"Effect of sympathomimetic drugs upon the human oviduct in vivo","volume":"110","author":"Cibils","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dash, S., Yoder, S., Mesa, T., Smith, A., Cen, L., Eschrich, S., Armaiz-Pena, G.N., and Monteiro, A.N.A. (2021). Effects of long-term norepinephrine treatment on normal immortalized ovarian and fallopian tube cells. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93506-z"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.12337","article-title":"Levonorgestrel decreases cilia beat frequency of human fallopian tubes and rat oviducts without changing morphological structure","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/8.4.333","article-title":"Effect of mifepristone and levonorgestrel on expression of steroid receptors in the human Fallopian tube","volume":"8","author":"Christow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2004.08.014","article-title":"Light and electron microscope examination of the effects of methotrexate on the endosalpinx","volume":"120","author":"Bayram","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1097\/01.EHX.0000421474.49893.73","article-title":"The effect of methotrexate on the fallopian tubes of adult albino rats: A histological and immunohistochemical study","volume":"35","year":"2012","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Histol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000113043","article-title":"Effects of methotrexate on the tubal morphology of rabbits: Evaluation by electron microscopy","volume":"65","author":"Cetin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"928036","article-title":"Intrinsic apoptosis pathway in fallopian tube epithelial cells induced by cladribine","volume":"2014","author":"Bulak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"54","article-title":"Investigations into the Risk of Reproductive Toxicity Following Exposure to Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Drugs in Rodents","volume":"43","author":"Awodele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tokai J. Exp. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"123","article-title":"Effect of pharmacological agents on the activity of the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers of human fallopian tube ampullar segments","volume":"72","author":"Monos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta. Physiol. Hung."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"2719","article-title":"Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II stimulation of ciliary activity in human fallopian tube","volume":"81","author":"Saridogan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90928-Z","article-title":"Reproductive performance after methotrexate treatment of ectopic pregnancy","volume":"162","author":"Stovall","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3109\/09513590.2010.540603","article-title":"Allopregnanolone, a GABAA receptor agonist, decreases gonadotropin levels in women. A preliminary study","volume":"27","author":"Timby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.04.022","article-title":"Depression, anxiety, and psychotropic medication use and fecundability","volume":"215","author":"Nillni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590400019296","article-title":"Involvement of a nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway in control of fallopian tube contractility","volume":"19","author":"Ekerhovd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0160021","article-title":"Effects of adrenergic blocking agents on human fallopian tube motility in vitro","volume":"16","author":"Nakanishi","year":"1968","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"CD001324","article-title":"Interventions for emergency contraception","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004726","article-title":"Method of Hormonal Contraception and Protective Effects Against Ectopic Pregnancy","volume":"139","author":"Linder","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Zhao, W.H., Zhu, Q., Cao, S.J., Ping, H., Xi, X., Qin, G.J., Yan, M.X., Zhang, D., and Qiu, J. (2015). Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: A multi-center case-control study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-015-0613-1"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu210","article-title":"Ulipristal acetate resembles mifepristone in modulating human fallopian tube function","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(87)80381-7","article-title":"Teratogenic effects of clomiphene, tamoxifen, and diethylstilbestrol on the developing human female genital tract","volume":"18","author":"Cunha","year":"1987","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.074237","article-title":"Clomiphene citrate causes aberrant tubal apoptosis and estrogen receptor activation in rat fallopian tube: Implications for tubal ectopic pregnancy","volume":"80","author":"Shao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-014-3234-4","article-title":"Morphological and immunohistochemical analysis in ovaries and fallopian tubes of tamoxifen, letrozole and clomiphene-treated rats","volume":"290","author":"Lima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2016.01.004","article-title":"Tubal cytokine changes accompany the epithelial atypia of letrozole-stimulated ovaries","volume":"118","author":"Mesbah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2014.2251","article-title":"Morphological and immunohistochemical study of ovarian and tubal dysplasia associated with tamoxifen","volume":"58","author":"Chene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1097\/00004347-199807000-00016","article-title":"Bilateral atypical hyperplasia of the fallopian tube associated with tamoxifen: A report of two cases","volume":"17","author":"Pickel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2004.07.014","article-title":"Comparison of two-year and five-year tamoxifen use in Japanese post-menopausal women","volume":"30","author":"Tada","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. (EJSO)"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/18.10.2009","article-title":"Proliferative lesions of oviduct and uterus in CD-1 mice exposed prenatally to tamoxifen","volume":"18","author":"Diwan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod21.5.1087","article-title":"Abnormal reproductive development in rats after neonatally administered antiestrogen (tamoxifen)","volume":"21","author":"Chamness","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1210704","article-title":"Effect of tamoxifen on cytosolic estrogen receptor in the different parts of fallopian tube and uterus during ovum transport","volume":"90","author":"Gupta","year":"1987","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.01.127","article-title":"Tubo-ovarian dysplasia in relationship with ovulation induction in rats","volume":"99","author":"Lacoste","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-11-0107","article-title":"The impact of ovulation on fallopian tube epithelial cells: Evaluating three hypotheses connecting ovulation and serous ovarian cancer","volume":"18","author":"King","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-17-0687","article-title":"Increased rounds of gonadotropin stimulation have side effects on mouse fallopian tubes and oocytes","volume":"155","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(00)00420-9","article-title":"Chorionic gonadotropin administration in domestic cats causes an abnormal endocrine environment that disrupts oviductal embryo transport","volume":"54","author":"Graham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14476","article-title":"A triple-blind, randomized controlled trial, comparing combined letrozole and clomiphene versus only letrozole for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome","volume":"161","author":"Panda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13375","article-title":"Letrozole versus clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction in anovulatory women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"152","author":"Bansal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1136\/acupmed-2017-011629","article-title":"Acupuncture and clomiphene citrate for anovulatory infertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acupunct. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4788","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Infertility: A Review","volume":"326","author":"Carson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138178","article-title":"Clomiphene citrate and pregnancy loss","volume":"8","author":"Harrison","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"2058","article-title":"Simultaneous bilateral tubal pregnancy after ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate","volume":"25","author":"Mathew","year":"2004","journal-title":"Saudi. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610500242630","article-title":"Bilateral tubal ectopic pregnancy after clomiphene induction","volume":"25","author":"Khong","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-006-0121-7","article-title":"Heterotopic pregnancy following ovulation induction by clomiphene citrate and timed intercourse: A case report","volume":"274","author":"Naki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.06.032","article-title":"Ovarian stimulation increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy for fresh embryo transfers: An analysis of 68,851 clinical pregnancies from the Japanese Assisted Reproductive Technology registry","volume":"114","author":"Jwa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"e28977","article-title":"Bilateral Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy Following Clomiphene Administration: A Case Report","volume":"14","author":"Benz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02158-5","article-title":"Tamoxifen evolution","volume":"128","author":"Howell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0830401","article-title":"Determination of tamoxifen and an hydroxylated metabolite in plasma from patients with advanced breast cancer using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"83","author":"Daniel","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/3\/269\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T12:53:33Z","timestamp":1770036813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/3\/269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15030269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15030269","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]}}}