{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:33:56Z","timestamp":1792794836181,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI24\/01358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI24\/01358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI21\/01683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI21\/01683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014181","name":"Junta de Extremadura","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR24126"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR24126"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present systematic review and meta-analysis aims to establish whether the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum\/plasma whole blood, urine, and hair levels of copper, ceruloplasmin, zinc, and manganese are related to the risk for Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). We reviewed the PubMed and Web of Science Core Collection databases from 1966 to 29 November 2025, and identified references of interest for this topic. We performed the meta-analysis of eligible studies that followed the PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines, with the R software package meta R 4.2.0 version. When compared to age- and sex-matched controls, PD patients showed decreased concentrations of copper in the substantia nigra and other brain areas, a trend towards increased CSF and decreased serum\/plasma copper levels, decreased serum\/plasma ceruloplasmin levels, decreased zinc levels in serum\/plasma and increased zinc in whole blood and hair, and increased hair manganese levels. These results suggest an association between these transition metals and risk for PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15030288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T16:46:28Z","timestamp":1770137188000},"page":"288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Copper, Ceruloplasmin, Zinc, and Manganese Levels in Brain and Biological Fluids from Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-7323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix Javier","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Ronda del Sur 10, 28500 Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8644-2210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hortensia","family":"Alonso-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Ronda del Sur 10, 28500 Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8094-046X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7051-9196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Mart\u00edn-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Ronda del Sur 10, 28500 Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9218-5206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Salgado-C\u00e1mara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Ronda del Sur 10, 28500 Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9928-6293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"C\u00e1rcamo-Fonfr\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Ronda del Sur 10, 28500 Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Arroyo-Solera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Sureste, Ronda del Sur 10, 28500 Arganda del Rey, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6895-9160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A. G.","family":"Ag\u00fandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, Universidad de Extremadura, 10071 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8928","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04128-1","article-title":"Unraveling Dysregulated Cell Signaling Pathways, Genetic and Epigenetic Mysteries of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"61","author":"Hamidpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-025-04559-9","article-title":"The Mitochondrial-Astrocyte-Neuron Triad Hypothesis in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Toxic Feedback Loop of Metabolism, Aggregation, and Oxidative Stress","volume":"50","author":"Walecha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Z., Li, X., Li, X., Liu, Q., and Cheng, Y. (2018). Oxidative Stress in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00236"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"880","article-title":"The Role of Redox-Active Iron, Copper, Manganese, and Redox-Inactive Zinc in Toxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Human Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Jomova","year":"2025","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.07.007","article-title":"The Role of Zinc, Copper, Manganese and Iron in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"74","author":"Mezzaroba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14607","article-title":"Biological Fluid Levels of Iron and Iron-Related Proteins in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"28","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27947","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Copper and Iron in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Brain and Biofluids","volume":"35","author":"Genoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-023-00530-9","article-title":"Are High Copper Levels Related to Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Diseases? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Articles Published between 2011 and 2022","volume":"37","author":"Glaser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000502357","article-title":"Selenium and Other Trace Elements in the Etiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies","volume":"54","author":"Adani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-0941-2","article-title":"Association between Serum Zinc Levels and the Risk of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"179","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04252-0","article-title":"Decreased Circulating Zinc Levels in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis Study","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09150.x","article-title":"Transition Metals, Ferritin, Glutathione, and Ascorbic Acid in Parkinsonian Brains","volume":"52","author":"Riederer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07264.x","article-title":"Increased Nigral Iron Content and Alterations in Other Metal Ions Occurring in Brain in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"52","author":"Dexter","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100029140","article-title":"Regional Metal Concentrations in Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Other Chronic Neurological Diseases, and Control Brains","volume":"16","author":"Uitti","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.4.1953","article-title":"Alterations in the Levels of Iron, Ferritin and Other Trace Metals in Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases Affecting the Basal Ganglia","volume":"114","author":"Dexter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)00782-2","article-title":"Increased Regional Brain Concentrations of Ceruloplasmin in Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"738","author":"Loeffler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2010.02.007","article-title":"Iron and Reactive Oxygen Species Activity in Parkinsonian Substantia Nigra","volume":"16","author":"Wypijewska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244104","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/24\/24\/244104","article-title":"Elemental Micro-Imaging and Quantification of Human Substantia Nigra Using Synchrotron Radiation-Based X-ray Fluorescence in Relation to Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"24","author":"Adamek","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.09.034","article-title":"Copper Pathology in Vulnerable Brain Regions in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Davies","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10659-6","article-title":"Metal Concentrations and Distributions in the Human Olfactory Bulb in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Gardner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1039\/C7MT00244K","article-title":"Subcellular Compartmentalisation of Copper, Iron, Manganese, and Zinc in the Parkinson\u2019s Disease Brain","volume":"9","author":"Genoud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1746","article-title":"\u00dcber die Verteilung von Spurenelementen (Mangan, Kupfer, Zink und Gold) im Serum und Liquor bei Epilepsie und Parkinsonsyndrom","volume":"22","author":"Mindadse","year":"1967","journal-title":"Dtsch. Gesundheitsw."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ferro, Transferrina, Rame e Ceruloplasmina del Siero e del Liquor nelle Malattie Extrapiramidali e nelle Miopatie Primitive","volume":"28","author":"Campanella","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)90827-0","article-title":"Raised Cerebrospinal-Fluid Copper Concentration in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"2","author":"Pall","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02224396","article-title":"A Case\u2013Control Study of CSF Copper, Iron and Manganese in Parkinson Disease","volume":"13","author":"Gazzaniga","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ital. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020050073","article-title":"Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Transition Metals in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"105","author":"Molina","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(99)00221-9","article-title":"Reduced Ferroxidase Activity in the Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"265","author":"Boll","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-004-0124-0","article-title":"Trace and Major Elements in Whole Blood, Serum, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Urine of Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"111","author":"Forte","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-33328-0_24","article-title":"Impact of Selenium, Iron, Copper and Zinc in On\/Off Parkinson\u2019s Patients on L-Dopa Therapy","volume":"71","author":"Qureshi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2006.05.007","article-title":"Metal Changes in CSF and Peripheral Compartments of Parkinsonian Patients","volume":"248","author":"Bocca","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2007.05.001","article-title":"Elemental Profile of Cerebrospinal Fluid in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"21","author":"Alimonti","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9610-3","article-title":"Free Copper, Ferroxidase and SOD1 Activities, Lipid Peroxidation and NO(x) Content in the CSF: A Different Marker Profile in Four Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"33","author":"Boll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.01.003","article-title":"Patterns of Levels of Biological Metals in CSF Differ among Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"303","author":"Hozumi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35097","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35097","article-title":"Metallomic Biomarkers in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease in Indian Population","volume":"6","author":"Sanyal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14316","article-title":"Elemental Fingerprint as a Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"145","author":"Maass","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.01.005","article-title":"Species Fractionation in a Case\u2013Control Study Concerning Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Cu\u2013Amino Acids Discriminate CSF of PD from Controls","volume":"49","author":"Willkommen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du\u0161ek, P., Subramanian, R.G., Serranov\u00e1, T., \u0160onka, K., R\u016f\u017ei\u010dka, E., and Kuta, J. (2025). Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Metallomics Uncover Mercury, Chromium, and Iron Alterations in De Novo Parkinson\u2019s Disease. J. Park. Dis., in press.","DOI":"10.1177\/1877718X251367303"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"166","article-title":"Non-Dialyzable Manganese and Copper Levels in Serum of Patients with Various Diseases","volume":"8","author":"Kanabrocki","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"563","article-title":"Changes in Serum Copper and PPD-Oxidase in Different Diseases. II. Comparative Studies in Wilson\u2019s Disease, Schizophrenia and Parkinsonism","volume":"58","author":"Chitre","year":"1970","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(92)90127-7","article-title":"Serum Levels of Zinc and Copper in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"112","author":"Herrero","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"879","article-title":"Diet, Body Size and Micronutrient Status in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"46","author":"Abbott","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1999.tb02015.x","article-title":"Copper, Ceruloplasmin, Superoxide Dismutase and Iron Parameters in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"85","author":"Kristinsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-4680(00)00030-4","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutase Activity and Zinc and Copper Concentrations in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Akbostanci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2004.09.003","article-title":"Serum Trace Element Levels and the Complexity of Inter-Element Relations in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"18","author":"Hegde","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2006.12.001","article-title":"Serum Chemical Elements and Oxidative Status in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Parkinson Disease and Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Alimonti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"294","article-title":"Dismetabolismo dei Metalli e Stress Ossidativo in Pazienti con Parkinson\u2019s Disease di un\u2019Area Industriale","volume":"29","author":"Squitti","year":"2007","journal-title":"G. Ital. Med. Lav. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.05.002","article-title":"Trace Elements in Serum from Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014A Prospective Case\u2013Control Study: The Nord-Tr\u00f8ndelag Health Study (HUNT)","volume":"1219","author":"Gellein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-0063-7","article-title":"Lower Serum Ceruloplasmin Levels Correlate with Younger Age of Onset in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"255","author":"Bharucha","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-009-0017-y","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"24","author":"Nikam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000255462","article-title":"Relationship between Blood Levels of Heavy Metals and Parkinson\u2019s Disease in China","volume":"34","author":"Fukushima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1159\/000328253","article-title":"Serum Vitamins and Heavy Metals in Blood and Urine, and the Correlations among Them in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients in China","volume":"36","author":"Fukushima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.5387\/fms.59.76","article-title":"Heavy Metals in Blood and Urine and Its Relation to Depressive Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"59","author":"Fukushima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fukushima J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.5387\/fms.2014-8","article-title":"Correlations among Heavy Metals in Blood and Urine and Their Relations to Depressive Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"60","author":"Fukushima","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fukushima J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.11.085","article-title":"Clinical Utility of Copper, Ceruloplasmin, and Metallothionein Plasma Determinations in Human Neurodegenerative Patients and Their First-Degree Relatives","volume":"1319","author":"Arnal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181cda0e3","article-title":"Carbonic Anhydrase I, II, and VI, Blood Plasma, Erythrocyte and Saliva Zinc and Copper Increase after Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"339","author":"Henkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-010-0212-5","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"35","author":"Baillet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, S.S., and Santosh, W. (2010). Metallomic Profiling and Linkage Map Analysis of Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A New Insight to Aluminum Marker for the Possible Diagnosis. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011252"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1159\/000330538","article-title":"Reduced Serum Caeruloplasmin Levels in Non-Wilsonian Movement Disorders","volume":"66","author":"Ling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2012.709412","article-title":"Evaluation of a Prototype Point-of-Care Instrument Based on Monochromatic X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry: Potential for Monitoring Trace Element Status of Subjects with Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"75","author":"McIntosh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.05.015","article-title":"Fe and Cu Do Not Differ in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Replication Study plus Meta-Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Mariani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"402","article-title":"Serum Copper, Zinc and Selenium Levels in Tunisian Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"91","author":"Aissi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tunis. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H.W., Lin, J., Wang, X.B., Cheng, X., Wang, J.Y., Hu, B.L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., and Zhu, J.H. (2013). Assessing Plasma Levels of Selenium, Copper, Iron and Zinc in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083060"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"121","article-title":"Association of Parkinson\u2019s Disease with Altered Serum Levels of Lead and Transition Metals among South Indian Subjects","volume":"51","author":"Kumudini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.178788","article-title":"Assessing Plasma Levels of Iron, Zinc and Copper in Iranian Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"5","author":"Meamar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001734","article-title":"Serum Ceruloplasmin and Striatal Dopamine Transporter Density in Parkinson Disease: Comparison with 123I-FP-CIT SPECT","volume":"42","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-016-0614-5","article-title":"Role of Iron and Copper in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"32","author":"Gangania","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-018-4039-4","article-title":"Role of Copper Dyshomeostasis in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"164","author":"Karpenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2017.11.011","article-title":"A Low Blood Copper Concentration Is a Co-Morbidity Burden Factor in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Development","volume":"135","author":"Ilyechova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.05.022","article-title":"Association of Metals with the Risk and Clinical Characteristics of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.126423","article-title":"Assessment of Copper, Iron, Zinc and Manganese Status and Speciation in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Pilot Study","volume":"59","author":"Ajsuvakova","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2020.135297","article-title":"Dysregulation of Body Antioxidant Content Is Related to Initiation and Progression of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"736","author":"Fattah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"606","article-title":"The Association between Serum Oxidative Stress Indexes and Pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease in the Northwest of Iran","volume":"50","author":"Barmaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_419_20","article-title":"Evidence-Based Discriminant Analysis: A New Insight into Iron Profile for the Diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"24","author":"Tripathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Park, S., and Jang, W. (2023). Serum Zinc Deficiency Could Be Associated with Dementia Conversion in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1132907"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.E., Lee, H.S., and Jang, W. (2023). Serum Zinc Deficiency Is a Potential Risk Factor for the Occurrence of Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Drug-Na\u00efve Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Front. Aging Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1282367"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.55730\/1300-0144.5714","article-title":"Correlation of Metal Ions with Specific Brain Region Volumes in Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"53","author":"Melek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1039\/D5EM00166H","article-title":"Exploring the Interactions of Urinary Metals and the Mediating Role of Oxidative Stress in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Risk: An Epidemiological Study in the Elderly","volume":"27","author":"Shan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2005.08.003","article-title":"Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Silicon and Zinc Content of Hair in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"19","author":"Forte","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefano, F., Cinzia, N., Marco, P., Marco, G., Rita, G., Augusto, F., and Rosita, G. (2016). Hair Microelement Profile as a Prognostic Tool in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Toxics, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics4040027"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760100300651","article-title":"Ceruloplasmin Immunoreactivity in Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"35","author":"Loeffler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-199408030-00005","article-title":"Ceruloplasmin Is Increased in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease but Not Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Loeffler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"12","article-title":"Serum Pro-Oxidant and Antioxidant Factors and Risk of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Population Study","volume":"29","author":"Trincado","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2005.10.015","article-title":"Ceruloplasmin and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Follow-Up Study","volume":"241","author":"Kristinsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awq319","article-title":"Decreased Serum Ceruloplasmin Levels Characteristically Aggravate Nigral Iron Deposition in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"134","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.08.016","article-title":"Serum microRNA-133b Is Associated with Low Ceruloplasmin Levels in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-018-1889-x","article-title":"Correlations between Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Non-Motor Symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"125","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.07.004","article-title":"Plasma Transferrin Level Correlates with the Tremor-Dominant Phenotype of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"684","author":"Si","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"8296203","article-title":"Elevated Serum Ceruloplasmin Levels Are Associated with Higher Impulsivity in People with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"2020","author":"Bakeberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1991.tb08170.x","article-title":"Iron and Aluminum Increase in the Substantia Nigra of Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An X-Ray Microanalysis","volume":"56","author":"Hirsch","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360612","article-title":"Complex I, Iron, and Ferritin in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Substantia Nigra","volume":"36","author":"Mann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/3\/012","article-title":"Mapping Metals in Parkinson\u2019s and Normal Brain Using Rapid-Scanning X-Ray Fluorescence","volume":"54","author":"Popescu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317510382283","article-title":"Subclinical Zinc Deficiency in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"25","author":"Brewer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Demen."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0503-4","article-title":"Prolidase-Associated Trace Elements (Mn, Zn, Co, and Ni) in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"171","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuyama, H., Matsuura, K., Ishikawa, H., Hirata, Y., Kato, N., Niwa, A., Narita, Y., and Tomimoto, H. (2021). Correlation between Serum Zinc Levels and Levodopa in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114114"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.02.003","article-title":"Hair in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients Exhibits Differences in Calcium, Iron and Zinc Concentrations Measured by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry","volume":"47","author":"Kohlmeier","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(81)90120-9","article-title":"Distribution of Arsenic, Manganese, and Selenium in the Human Brain in Chronic Renal Insufficiency, Parkinson\u2019s Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"51","author":"Larsen","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-02041-9","article-title":"Higher Zinc Concentrations in Hair of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Are Associated with Psychotic Complications and Depression","volume":"126","author":"Bezerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1995.tb07014.x","article-title":"Serum and Urinary Manganese Levels in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"91","author":"Molina","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","article-title":"How to Perform a Meta-Analysis with R: A Practical Tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., and PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology: A Proposal for Reporting","volume":"283","author":"Stroup","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Jim\u00e9nez, F.J., Ayuso, P., Alonso-Navarro, H., Calleja, M., D\u00edez-Fair\u00e9n, M., \u00c1lvarez, I., Pastor, P., Plaza-Nieto, J.F., Navarro-Mu\u00f1oz, S., and Turp\u00edn-Fenoll, L. (2022). Serum Trace Elements Concentrations in Patients with Restless Legs Syndrome. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020272"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2005.11.003","article-title":"Mild Copper Deficiency Alters Gene Expression of Proteins Involved in Iron Metabolism","volume":"36","author":"Auclair","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4956","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.4956","article-title":"Copper Ion Incorporation in \u03b1-Synuclein Amyloids","volume":"33","author":"Walke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genchi, G., Catalano, A., Carocci, A., Sinicropi, M.S., and Lauria, G. (2025). Copper, Cuproptosis, and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26189173"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0808768105","article-title":"New Melanic Pigments in the Human Brain That Accumulate in Aging and Block Environmental Toxic Metals","volume":"105","author":"Zecca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08350.x","article-title":"Is the Vulnerability of Neurons in the Substantia Nigra of Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease Related to Their Neuromelanin Content?","volume":"59","author":"Kastner","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9843","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403495101","article-title":"The Role of Iron and Copper Molecules in the Neuronal Vulnerability of Locus Coeruleus and Substantia Nigra during Aging","volume":"101","author":"Zecca","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"515","article-title":"Ceruloplasmin and Iron in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Synopsis of Recent Studies","volume":"8","author":"Kristinsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popescu, C., Munteanu, C., Sp\u00eenu, A., Andone, I., Bistriceanu, R., Postoiu, R., Suciu, A., Giuvara, S., Vl\u0103dulescu-Trandafir, A.I., and Aurelian, S.M. (2025). Actual Data on Essential Trace Elements in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17111852"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36464","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5c11056","article-title":"Zn2+ Binding Shifts the Conformational Ensemble of \u03b1-Synuclein Monomers toward Accelerated Amyloid Formation","volume":"147","author":"Byrd","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.11.054","article-title":"Association of Circulating Manganese Levels with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"665","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-005-3423-x","article-title":"Regional Distributions of Manganese, Iron, Copper, and Zinc in the Brains of 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Parkinsonian Rats","volume":"383","author":"Tarohda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-015-0161-2","article-title":"Ceruloplasmin Is Involved in the Nigral Iron Accumulation of 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rats","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2009.09.022","article-title":"Cerebral Bioimaging of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Laser Ablation ICP-MS","volume":"21","author":"Matusch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-006-0499-1","article-title":"The Copper Chelator D-Penicillamine Does Not Attenuate MPTP-Induced Dopamine Depletion in Mice","volume":"114","author":"Youdim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(81)90304-1","article-title":"Comparison of procedures for determination of copper and zinc in serum by atomic absorption spectroscopy","volume":"110","author":"Taylor","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-9140(87)80194-7","article-title":"Determination of copper, iron, manganese, lead and cadmium in automatically wet-digested animal tissue by graphite-furnace atomic-absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction","volume":"34","author":"Greefkes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(88)90141-6","article-title":"Comparison of an inductively coupled plasma\u2013atomic emission spectrometry method for the determination of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and zinc with atomic absorption spectroscopy and flame photometry methods","volume":"74","author":"Dipietro","year":"1988","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1039\/c3mt00136a","article-title":"Analytical methods for copper, zinc and iron quantification in mammalian cells","volume":"5","author":"Cerchiaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"e59519","article-title":"Atomic absorbance spectroscopy to measure intracellular zinc pools in mammalian cells","volume":"147","author":"Gordon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Hosry, L., Sok, N., Richa, R., Al Mashtoub, L., Cayot, P., and Bou-Maroun, E. (2023). Sample preparation and analytical techniques in the determination of trace elements in food: A review. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12040895"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.22159\/ijcr.2026v10i1.321","article-title":"Tracing elements with precision: A review of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)","volume":"10","author":"Shaikh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2349-0","article-title":"Dietary Intake of Iron, Zinc, Copper, and Risk of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"36","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/3\/288\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T16:53:58Z","timestamp":1770137638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/3\/288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15030288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15030288","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]}}}