{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:05Z","timestamp":1787027825209,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1A6A1A03025124"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1A1A01067626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1A1A01067626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-25442355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-25442355"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a causal, genetically determined risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS). Although elevated Lp(a) affects approximately 20% of the global population, specific pharmacological options have long been unavailable, leaving a major gap in residual risk management. This review synthesizes current understanding of Lp(a) molecular architecture, genetics, and metabolism, and integrates mechanistic evidence linking Lp(a) to pro-atherogenic, pro-inflammatory, and pro-thrombotic pathways. We summarize epidemiological and genetic data associating Lp(a) with a broad spectrum of cardiovascular outcomes and discuss current clinical guidelines on screening and risk stratification. Furthermore, we provide an up-to-date overview of the emerging therapeutic landscape, including RNA-targeted therapies and novel oral small molecules. With pivotal phase 3 outcome trials nearing completion, the field is transitioning from viewing Lp(a) as an untreatable biomarker to an actionable therapeutic target, with important implications for precision cardiovascular prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15040315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T10:45:31Z","timestamp":1770633931000},"page":"315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Lipoprotein(a) and Cardiovascular Disease: From Genetic Risk Factor to Therapeutic Target"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hyeong Rok","family":"Yun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2232-0350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manish Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunhee","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4935-7312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyotsna S.","family":"Ranbhise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joohun","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6817-7668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7117-1008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Insug","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902604","article-title":"Genetic variants associated with Lp(a) lipoprotein level and coronary disease","volume":"361","author":"Clarke","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. 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