{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T10:14:38Z","timestamp":1771496078234,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC-2025-2797263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-2025-2797263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>T-cell malignancies represent a complex spectrum of clinically and biologically heterogeneous diseases. Effective translational research and drug development are critically dependent on preclinical models that faithfully recapitulate this diversity. This review analyzes the current preclinical landscape, identifying a profound disparity between the clinical spectrum of T-cell neoplasms and the available in vitro tools. We demonstrate that the existing armamentarium of cell lines is heavily skewed, with an abundance of models for T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia\/lymphoma (T-ALL), cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). This skew is a direct result of a biological selection bias, as these entities are often driven by potent, TME-independent oncogenes (e.g., NOTCH1 mutations, NPM1-ALK fusions) conducive to immortalization. Conversely, the majority of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) subtypes, which are frequently TME-dependent and clinically aggressive, remain \u201cpreclinical orphans\u201d with few or no authenticated models. This \u201cpreclinical void\u201d constitutes a major bottleneck, impeding mechanistic studies and therapeutic progress. We discuss the limitations of 2D cultures and highlight the necessity of adopting advanced platforms, such as patient-derived xenografts (PDX) and 3D organoid systems. These \u201cavatar\u201d models preserve vital tumor heterogeneity and microenvironmental context, offering superior predictive value. The systematic development and integration of these next-generation models are essential to bridge the translational gap and advance precision medicine for all patients with T-cell malignancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15040368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T08:51:09Z","timestamp":1771491069000},"page":"368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Cell Lines to Avatars: Charting the Future of Preclinical Modeling in T-Cell Malignancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9432-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier Paolo","family":"Piccaluga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank of Research, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna University School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Cimmino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank of Research, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna University School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8018-0097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeriia","family":"Tsekhovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank of Research, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna University School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Cimatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank of Research, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Reconstructive Orthopaedic Surgery Innovative Techniques\u2013Musculoskeletal Tissue Bank, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Innocenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank of Research, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Seidenari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank of Research, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0177-238X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Calafato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank of Research, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3110-3865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Floriana J.","family":"Di Paola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank of Research, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0113-6682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Tallini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Bologna University School of Medicine, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Solid Tumor Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2401778","article-title":"Malignant hematopoietic cell lines: In vitro models for the study of natural killer cell leukemia-lymphoma","volume":"14","author":"Drexler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890310012094","article-title":"Leukemia-lymphoma cell lines as model systems for hematopoietic research","volume":"35","author":"Drexler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. 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