{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T22:39:27Z","timestamp":1784932767898,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005972","name":"German Cancer Aid","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["70115581"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["70115581"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005972","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The murine Alpha Mouse Liver 12 (AML12) cell line, established over four decades ago, is one of the most commonly used non-transformed hepatocyte models in basic and pre-clinical liver research. Despite its widespread use, a comprehensive and current molecular characterization has been lacking. In this study, we combined cytogenetics with high-resolution genomic technologies to establish a detailed genetic reference profile of AML12. Inverted DAPI banding and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (m-FISH) revealed a complex yet stable, near-tetraploid karyotype featuring double X-chromosome deletions [del(X)(A3)\u00d72], a recurrent derivative chromosome der(3)t(2;3)(A2;H4), biallelic deletions of 17D1, two dicentric chromosomes dic(X;17), and multiple whole-chromosome gains (e.g., +1, +6, +15, +19\u00d74) and losses (e.g., \u22124, \u221212, \u221216, \u221218). Multicolor banding (mcb) further pinpointed cryptic inversions on chromosomes 7 and 11. Copy number imbalances were visualized as in silico array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH)-style profiles inferred from these metaphase-based assays, and no independent array- or sequencing-based copy number variation (CNV) experiment was performed in this study. Short tandem repeat (STR) profiling created a unique 16-locus authentication barcode that unambiguously distinguishes AML12 from other murine cell lines in public databases. Bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) further demonstrated a transcriptional profile in AML12 cells that is indicative of hepatocyte origin while also revealing partial de-differentiation and reduced expression of selected urea cycle, gluconeogenic, and xenobiotic-metabolizing transcripts, consistent with limited mature hepatocyte functions. These functional inferences are likely based on gene expression patterns rather than on direct physiological assays. In summary, our study provides (i) the first integrated cytogenetic, STR, and next-generation sequencing dataset for AML12, (ii) a practical authentication panel for routine laboratory use, and (iii) reference information that will enhance the interpretation, reproducibility, and translational relevance of future studies using this versatile hepatocyte model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15050390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:14:44Z","timestamp":1771928084000},"page":"390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comprehensive Cytogenetic and Genomic Profiling of the Murine AML12 (Alpha Mouse Liver 12) Hepatocyte Cell Line"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Darine Y.","family":"Asar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Schiller University, D-07747 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Biotechnology, German International University, Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Kankel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Schiller University, D-07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2266-3698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diandra T.","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3044-4278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina S.","family":"Hardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2265-3726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Schr\u00f6der-Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0627-9228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva M.","family":"Buhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1672-3054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Liehr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital, Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Schiller University, D-07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3888-0931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Weiskirchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.2.674","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of differentiated, nontransformed hepatocyte cell lines derived from mice transgenic for transforming growth factor alpha","volume":"91","author":"Wu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. 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