{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:06:21Z","timestamp":1790960781017,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto Salud Carlos III","award":["CP22\/00111"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CP22\/00111"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU)\u2014FPU 2024 Predoctoral Fellowships","award":["FPU24\/04370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU24\/04370"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>CD57-expressing lymphocytes constitute a distinct subset of immune cells with enhanced cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory functions. Initially described in the context of chronic viral infections, most notably cytomegalovirus (CMV), these cells are now recognized as central contributors to immunosenescence and age-related immune dysregulation. Their progressive accumulation reflects prolonged antigenic exposure and sustained immune activation, thereby linking persistent viral infections with long-term disruptions of immune homeostasis. Emerging evidence indicates that CD57 expression denotes a state of terminal differentiation in both T and natural killer (NK) cell compartments, and is associated with cytotoxicity, altered cytokine secretion, and a pro-inflammatory phenotype. This review summarizes the phenotypic and functional characteristics of CD57+ lymphocytes, examines their association with CMV and other chronic viral infections, and explores their potential role in ageing and age-related diseases. Elucidating the biology of CD57+ lymphocytes in the context of chronic viral infections may provide novel insights into immune ageing and help identify potential targets for therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring immune balance in older adults.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15050403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:33:02Z","timestamp":1772101982000},"page":"403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["CD57-Expressing Lymphocytes: From Chronic Viral Response to Age-Related Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Isabel Mar\u00eda","family":"Vallejo-Berm\u00fadez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Allergy Group (GC01), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2914-3112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mabel Rocio","family":"Miranda-Echag\u00fce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Allergy Group (GC01), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3976-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Reina-Alfonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Allergy Group (GC01), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6905-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Blanca-Pariente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Allergy Group (GC01), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1875-0518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Batista-Duharte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Allergy Group (GC01), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1169-8996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"Pera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Allergy Group (GC01), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menendez Pidal s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Av. Menendez Pidal s\/n, 14004 Cordoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.10.024","article-title":"Age and immunity: What is \u201cimmunosenescence\u201d?","volume":"105","author":"Pawelec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. 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