{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:08Z","timestamp":1787027828616,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":375,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CA-091460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA-091460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NS-057811"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS-057811"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"South Carolina Honors College Research Program"},{"name":"University of South Carolina Magellan Scholar Research Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor in adults. Emerging evidence endorses that gut dysbiosis contributes to GBM progression through the gut\u2013brain axis (GBA), promoting inflammation and therapeutic resistance via abnormal short-chain fatty acid production and cytokine dysregulation. Exosomes, naturally occurring nanovesicles (30\u2013150 nm), offer promising therapeutic potential due to their blood\u2013brain barrier permeability, biocompatibility, and versatile cargo capacity. This review examines exosome engineering strategies for dual targeting: inhibiting alterations in gut microbiome and inducing regulated cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis and ferroptosis in GBM. We describe exosome engineering with detailed focus on cargo loading approaches (e.g., genetic modification, electroporation, and sonication), exosome surface functionalization with specific ligands (e.g., antibodies), and exosome biogenesis pathway manipulation. Engineered exosomes can deliver anti-inflammatory agents and gut microbiome modulators to restore GBA homeostasis while simultaneously transporting tumor-suppressive non-coding RNAs (e.g., miRNAs, siRNAs) and therapeutic agents to induce apoptosis by overcoming temozolomide resistance, and trigger ferroptosis-inducing components in GBM stem cells. Preclinical studies make obvious that this dual-targeting approach ought to enhance therapeutic efficacy by creating systemic immunity and eliminating tumor cells. However, clinical translation brings forth challenges, such as manufacturing, targeting specificity, and standardized quality control, and warrants further study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15050422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T17:05:16Z","timestamp":1772211916000},"page":"422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exosome Engineering for Blocking Gut Dysbiosis and Inducing Cell Death Mechanisms in Glioblastoma Multiforme"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ahalya","family":"Muraleedharan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthik","family":"Rangavajhula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1734-542X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swapan K.","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3likowska, K., B\u0142aszczak, K., \u0141awicki, S., Zajkowska, M., and Gudowska-Sawczuk, M. (2025). Glioblastoma-A Contemporary Overview of Epidemiology, Classification, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment: A Review Article. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262412162"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.5603\/RPOR.a2022.0113","article-title":"Survival and quality of life analysis in glioblastoma multiforme with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy: A retrospective study","volume":"27","author":"Mohammed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rep. Pract. Oncol. Radiother."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grochans, S., Cybulska, A.M., Simi\u0144ska, D., Korbecki, J., Kojder, K., Chlubek, D., and Baranowska-Bosiacka, I. (2022). Epidemiology of Glioblastoma Multiforme-Literature Review. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14102412"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0275","article-title":"Epidemiologic and molecular prognostic review of glioblastoma","volume":"23","author":"Thakkar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not151","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2006\u20132010","volume":"15","author":"Ostrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/1.1.44","article-title":"Primary and secondary glioblastomas: From concept to clinical diagnosis","volume":"1","author":"Kleihues","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1177\/019262330002800121","article-title":"Phenotype vs genotype in the evolution of astrocytic brain tumors","volume":"28","author":"Kleihues","year":"2000","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7318","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3440","article-title":"Genetic and clinical characteristics of primary and secondary glioblastoma is associated with differential molecular subtype distribution","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4282","article-title":"Using the molecular classification of glioblastoma to inform personalized treatment","volume":"232","author":"Olar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23074","article-title":"Neuropil distribution in the cerebral cortex differs between humans and chimpanzees","volume":"520","author":"Spocter","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-007-0293-7","article-title":"Diffuse glioma growth: A guerilla war","volume":"114","author":"Claes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpdhp.2011.08.005","article-title":"The pathological diagnosis of diffuse gliomas: Towards a smart synthesis of microscopic and molecular information in a multidisciplinary context","volume":"17","author":"Wesseling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1999.tb00222.x","article-title":"Hans-Joachim Scherer (1906\u20131945), pioneer in glioma research","volume":"9","author":"Peiffer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.03.064","article-title":"Glioma-Induced Alterations in Neuronal Activity and Neurovascular Coupling during Disease Progression","volume":"31","author":"Montgomery","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02349-7","article-title":"Emerging therapies for glioblastoma: Current state and future directions","volume":"41","author":"Rong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vdac054","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdac054","article-title":"Glioma and the gut\u2013brain axis: Opportunities and future perspectives","volume":"4","author":"Dono","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(12)70137-7","article-title":"Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: A review and synthetic analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ferlay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4659","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03365-0","article-title":"Exosomes: Promising Delivery Tools for Overcoming Blood-Brain Barrier and Glioblastoma Therapy","volume":"60","author":"Khatami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galardi, A., De Bethlen, A., Di Paolo, V., Lampis, S., Mastronuzzi, A., and Di Giannatale, A. (2023). Recent Advancements on the Use of Exosomes as Drug Carriers for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13040964"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/1120009X.2020.1713508","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme: A glance at advanced therapies based on nanotechnology","volume":"32","author":"Rezaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0530291100","article-title":"Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells","volume":"100","author":"Wicha","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181ea42bb","article-title":"Stem Cells","volume":"126","author":"Behr","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradshaw, A., Wickremsekera, A., Tan, S.T., Peng, L., Davis, P.F., and Itinteang, T. (2016). Cancer Stem Cell Hierarchy in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Front. Surg., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2016.00021"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105780","article-title":"Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): An overview of current therapies and mechanisms of resistance","volume":"171","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mann, J., Ramakrishna, R., Magge, R., and Wernicke, A.G. (2017). Advances in Radiotherapy for Glioblastoma. Front. Neurol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00748"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3109\/07357907.2013.861474","article-title":"Temozolomide and radiotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme: A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bander, Z., Nitert, M.D., Mousa, A., and Naderpoor, N. (2020). The Gut Microbiota and Inflammation: An Overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207618"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0556","article-title":"Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota: The hygiene hypothesis expanded?","volume":"33","author":"Musso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1110591","article-title":"Diversity of the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora","volume":"308","author":"Eckburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-020-00875-0","article-title":"Microbiome definition re-visited: Old concepts and new challenges","volume":"8","author":"Berg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, K.J., and Gao, Y. (2024). Gut-brain axis and neurodegeneration: Mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Front. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1481390"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"203","article-title":"The gut-brain axis: Interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems","volume":"28","author":"Carabotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"28","article-title":"The Gut-Brain Axis: Influence of Microbiota on Mood and Mental Health","volume":"17","author":"Appleton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01743-1","article-title":"Microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Loh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700670","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201700670","article-title":"Gut Microbiome-Induced Shift of Acetate to Butyrate Positively Manages Dysbiosis in High Fat Diet","volume":"62","author":"Si","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3344","article-title":"The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer","volume":"12","author":"Louis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.17","article-title":"Regulation of immune cell function by short-chain fatty acids","volume":"5","author":"Fachi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002207","article-title":"Regulation of short-chain fatty acid production","volume":"62","author":"Macfarlane","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1134082","article-title":"Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13589","article-title":"Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota","volume":"19","author":"Louis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutsch, A., Kantsj\u00f6, J.B., and Ronchi, F. (2020). The Gut-Brain Axis: How Microbiota and Host Inflammasome Influence Brain Physiology and Pathology. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604179"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263ra158","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009759","article-title":"The gut microbiota influences blood-brain barrier permeability in mice","volume":"6","author":"Braniste","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","article-title":"Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS","volume":"18","author":"Erny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2013.12.015","article-title":"The role of microbiome in central nervous system disorders","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107988","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis, defective autophagy and altered immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases: Tales of a vicious cycle","volume":"231","author":"Chidambaram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Cerde\u00f1o, V., and Noctor, S.C. (2018). Neural Progenitor Cell Terminology. Front. Neuroanat., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2018.00104"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14928","article-title":"Enteric short-chain fatty acids promote proliferation of human neural progenitor cells","volume":"154","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.S., Ikram, M., Park, J.S., Park, T.J., and Kim, M.O. (2020). Gut Microbiota, Its Role in Induction of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Pathology, and Possible Therapeutic Interventions: Special Focus on Anthocyanins. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040853"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.179614","article-title":"Disruption of NF- B signalling by ancient microbial molecules: Novel therapies of the future?","volume":"59","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Jennifer, R. (2026, February 24). What Is Dysbiosis?. Available online: https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/digestive-disorders\/what-is-dysbiosis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.S., Li, X.H., Liu, P., Li, J., and Liu, L. (2022). The relationship between Alzheimer\u2019s disease and intestinal microflora structure and inflammatory factors. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.972982"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000750","article-title":"Current Understanding of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models","volume":"22","author":"DeGruttola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousa, W.K., Chehadeh, F., and Husband, S. (2022). Microbial dysbiosis in the gut drives systemic autoimmune diseases. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.906258"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-3990-9","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in rheumatoid arthritis: Role of lymphocyte subsets, cytokines and neurotrophic factors","volume":"37","author":"Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23689","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203641","article-title":"Analysis of gut microbiota and metabolites in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and identification of potential biomarkers","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7975","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.910854","article-title":"Correlations of Inflammatory Factors with Intestinal Flora and Gastrointestinal Incommensurate Symptoms in Children with Asthma","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"4913","article-title":"Correlation between intestinal flora and serum inflammatory factors in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"723","article-title":"Relationship between intestinal flora and inflammatory factors in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Alcoholado, L., Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, R., Otero, A., Plaza-Andrade, I., Laborda-Illanes, A., Medina, J.A., Ramos-Molina, B., G\u00f3mez-Mill\u00e1n, J., and Queipo-Ortu\u00f1o, M.I. (2020). Gut Microbiota-Mediated Inflammation and Gut Permeability in Patients with Obesity and Colorectal Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186782"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.12459","article-title":"Associations of imbalance of intestinal flora with severity of disease, inflammatory factors, adiponectin, and vascular endothelial function of hypertension patients","volume":"38","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"4082","article-title":"Correlation of liver function with intestinal flora, vitamin deficiency and IL-17A in patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"16","author":"Mou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hrncir, T. (2022). Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Triggers, Consequences, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10030578"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02073-3","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Implications for Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.240754","article-title":"Factors Influencing the Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"147","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Sharma, P., Pal, N., Kumawat, M., Shubham, S., Sarma, D.K., Tiwari, R.R., Kumar, M., and Nagpal, R. (2022). Impact of Environmental Pollutants on Gut Microbiome and Mental Health via the Gut\u2013Brain Axis. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071457"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318427","article-title":"Leaky gut: Mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans","volume":"68","author":"Camilleri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shabbir, U., Arshad, M.S., Sameen, A., and Oh, D.H. (2021). Crosstalk between Gut and Brain in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Role of Gut Microbiota Modulation Strategies. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020690"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13419","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13419","article-title":"Altered intestinal microbiota\u2013host mitochondria crosstalk in new onset Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Mottawea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaba0466","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba0466","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis contributes to amyloid pathology, associated with C\/EBP\u03b2\/AEP signaling activation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2025-335353","article-title":"Microbiota fasting-related changes ameliorate cognitive decline in obesity and boost ex vivo microglial function through the gut-brain axis","volume":"74","author":"Mela","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00855-y","article-title":"Alternate-day fasting ameliorates \u03b1-synuclein pathology and suppresses inflammation via the gut-brain axis in an MPTP-induced subacute mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.49","article-title":"Gastrointestinal inflammation by gut microbiota disturbance induces memory impairment in mice","volume":"11","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4209","DOI":"10.1113\/JP279919","article-title":"Intra-gastrointestinal amyloid-\u03b21\u201342 oligomers perturb enteric function and induce Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology","volume":"598","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm18087","article-title":"Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"25","author":"Kowalski","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, Y., Su, Q., Chen, J., Wang, Y., and He, S. (2022). Gut Microbiome Alterations Affect Glioma Development and Foxp3 Expression in Tumor Microenvironment in Mice. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.836953"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111874","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.111874","article-title":"The bacterial microbiome modulates the initiation of brain metastasis by impacting the gut-to-brain axis","volume":"28","author":"Massara","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2021.05.005","article-title":"Metabolic regulation on the immune environment of glioma through gut microbiota","volume":"86","author":"Lyu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.11.027","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota and metabolites in cancer chemotherapy","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Wang, S., Zheng, B., Qiu, X., Wang, H., and Chen, L. (2021). Modulation of Gut Microbiota to Enhance Effect of Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.669150"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21002","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77919-w","article-title":"Glioma and temozolomide induced alterations in gut microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Patrizz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00567-9","article-title":"A population-scale analysis of 36 gut microbiome studies reveals universal species signatures for common diseases","volume":"10","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CNS57","DOI":"10.2217\/cns-2020-0007","article-title":"Glioma induced alterations in fecal short-chain fatty acids and neurotransmitters","volume":"9","author":"Dono","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Oncol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.08.008","article-title":"Exploiting the gut microbiome for brain tumour treatment","volume":"31","author":"Keane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201948354","article-title":"Gut microbiota alterations affect glioma growth and innate immune cells involved in tumor immunosurveillance in mice","volume":"50","author":"Antonangeli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Yin, F., Guo, Z., Li, R., Sun, W., Wang, Y., Geng, Y., Sun, C., and Sun, D. (2024). Association between gut microbiota and glioblastoma: A Mendelian randomization study. Front. Genet., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1308263"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubi\u0144ski, P., Odzimek-Rajska, M., Podlewski, S., and Brola, W. (2025). Emerging Insights into the Role of the Microbiome in Brain Gliomas: A Systematic Review of Recent Evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010444"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2024.114778","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD): Insights from human clinical studies and the mouse AD models","volume":"290","author":"Manfredi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehanna, M., Abou-Raya, S., Ahmed, S.M., Ashmawy, G., Ibrahim, A., and AbdelKhaliq, E. (2024). Correction: Study of the gut microbiome in Egyptian patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease. BMC Microbiol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03404-3"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, F., Sun, Y., Yang, J., Shen, Z., Wang, G., Zhu, J., Zhou, C., and Xia, Y. (2025). Gut microbiome is associated with radiotherapy response in lung cancer patients with brain metastases. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1562831"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf059","article-title":"Gut microbiome modulates the outcome in primary central nervous system lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy: An ancillary study from the BLOCAGE trial","volume":"27","author":"Kirasic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vdab023","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdab023","article-title":"Human gut microbial communities dictate efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in a humanized microbiome mouse model of glioma","volume":"3","author":"Dees","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciernikova, S., Mego, M., and Chovanec, M. (2021). Exploring the Potential Role of the Gut Microbiome in Chemotherapy-Induced Neurocognitive Disorders and Cardiovascular Toxicity. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040782"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Hong, Y., Wu, T., Ben, E., Li, S., Hu, L., and Xie, T. (2024). Role of gut microbiota in regulating immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for glioblastoma. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1401967"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7846","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2049959","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in patients with benign and malignant brain tumors: A pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115825","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by brain tumors modulates the efficacy of immunotherapy","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, H.J., Yoon, H., Kim, H., Kang, Y.W., Kim, J.E., Kim, O.Y., Lee, E.Y., Twizere, J.C., Rak, J., and Kim, D.K. (2021). Extracellular Vesicle Proteomes Shed Light on the Evolutionary, Interactive, and Functional Divergence of Their Biogenesis Mechanisms. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.734950"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01735-1","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iyae088","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyae088","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles","volume":"227","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwok, Z.H., Wang, C., and Jin, Y. (2021). Extracellular Vesicle Transportation and Uptake by Recipient Cells: A Critical Process to Regulate Human Diseases. Processes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9020273"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1621","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1621","article-title":"Progress in extracellular vesicle biology and their application in cancer medicine","volume":"12","author":"Srivastava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.09.043","article-title":"Advanced research on extracellular vesicles based oral drug delivery systems","volume":"351","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E11721","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1811432115","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of biogenesis of apoptotic exosome-like vesicles and their roles as damage-associated molecular patterns","volume":"115","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0362-8","article-title":"Apoptotic cell-derived exosomes: Messages from dying cells","volume":"52","author":"Kakarla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01209-y","article-title":"Regulation of cargo selection in exosome biogenesis and its biomedical applications in cancer","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghadami, S., and Dellinger, K. (2023). The lipid composition of extracellular vesicles: Applications in diagnostics and therapeutic delivery. Front. Mol. Biosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1198044"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79042-6","article-title":"Dynamic reorganization of multivesicular bodies and exosome production impacted by sonoporation","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-011-0198-4","article-title":"Circulating microparticles: New insights into the biochemical basis of microparticle release and activity","volume":"106","author":"Shantsila","year":"2011","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.01.028","article-title":"The ESCRT machinery","volume":"22","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E20-03-0191","article-title":"Elevating PI3P drives select downstream membrane trafficking pathways","volume":"32","author":"Steinfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2011.08.017","article-title":"Structure and function of the membrane deformation AAA ATPase Vps4","volume":"1823","author":"Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Y., Li, P., Zhang, Z., and Wu, M. (2021). Insights Into Exosomal Non-Coding RNAs Sorting Mechanism and Clinical Application. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.664904"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2488","article-title":"Role of Alix in miRNA packaging during extracellular vesicle biogenesis","volume":"37","author":"Iavello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2502","article-title":"Syndecan-syntenin-ALIX regulates the biogenesis of exosomes","volume":"14","author":"Baietti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3477","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4477","article-title":"Syntenin-ALIX exosome biogenesis and budding into multivesicular bodies are controlled by ARF6 and PLD2","volume":"5","author":"Ghossoub","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2011.08.019","article-title":"The tetraspanin CD63 regulates ESCRT-independent and -dependent endosomal sorting during melanogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Charrin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201002049","article-title":"Exosome release of \u03b2-catenin: A novel mechanism that antagonizes Wnt signaling","volume":"190","author":"Chairoungdua","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"3171","article-title":"Cellular functions of Rab GTPases at a glance","volume":"128","author":"Zhen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200911018","article-title":"Regulation of exosome secretion by Rab35 and its GTPase-activating proteins TBC1D10A\u2013C","volume":"189","author":"Hsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Xiao, T., Zhao, C., and Li, G. (2023). The Regulation of Exosome Generation and Function in Physiological and Pathological Processes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010255"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Luo, C., Xiang, Y., and Qian, D. (2023). Rab GTPases, tethers, and SNAREs work together to regulate Arabidopsis cell plate formation. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1120841"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, H., Guo, S., Ren, X., Wu, Z., Liu, S., and Yao, X. (2023). Current Strategies for Exosome Cargo Loading and Targeting Delivery. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12101416"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jankovi\u010dov\u00e1, J., Se\u010dov\u00e1, P., Michalkov\u00e1, K., and Antal\u00edkov\u00e1, J. (2020). Tetraspanins, More than Markers of Extracellular Vesicles in Reproduction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207568"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(02)00014-2","article-title":"Functional domains in tetraspanin proteins","volume":"28","author":"Stipp","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linder, M., and Pogge von Strandmann, E. (2021). The Role of Extracellular HSP70 in the Function of Tumor-Associated Immune Cells. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13184721"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.49","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins\u2014Smart messengers of blood cells in the circulation","volume":"1","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2017.125","article-title":"Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles","volume":"19","author":"Raposo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbaa007","article-title":"Clinical applications of exosome membrane proteins","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Precis. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9155","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605146113","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and viruses: Are they close relatives?","volume":"113","author":"Cremer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22258","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.588046","article-title":"Exosome uptake through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis and mediating miR-21 delivery","volume":"289","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4444","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b10033","article-title":"Endocytosis of Extracellular Vesicles and Release of Their Cargo from Endosomes","volume":"14","author":"Joshi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5772\/61186","article-title":"Exosomes: Mechanisms of Uptake","volume":"4","author":"McKelvey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Circ. Biomark."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3622","article-title":"Regulation of immune responses by extracellular vesicles","volume":"14","author":"Robbins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.6.3037","article-title":"Mast cell-derived exosomes induce phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells and elicit specific immune responses in vivo","volume":"170","author":"Skokos","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-03-079152","article-title":"Exosomes released from macrophages infected with intracellular pathogens stimulate a proinflammatory response in vitro and in vivo","volume":"110","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2010.11.004","article-title":"Release of exosomes from differentiated neurons and its regulation by synaptic glutamatergic activity","volume":"46","author":"Lachenal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.01.015","article-title":"Cardiac progenitor-derived exosomes protect ischemic myocardium from acute ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"431","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7312","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1220998110","article-title":"Exosomes reflect the hypoxic status of glioma cells and mediate hypoxia-dependent activation of vascular cells during tumor development","volume":"110","author":"Kucharzewska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9621","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-1722","article-title":"Cancer Exosomes Trigger Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Differentiation","volume":"70","author":"Webber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zheng, Y., and Zhao, M. (2016). Exosome-Based Cancer Therapy: Implication for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Front. Pharmacol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00533"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1002\/sctm.16-0477","article-title":"Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Novel Potential Therapeutic Tool for Tissue Repair","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-03-1095","article-title":"Tissue-factor-bearing microvesicles arise from lipid rafts and fuse with activated platelets to initiate coagulation","volume":"106","author":"Shrimpton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.10.008","article-title":"Pathologic function and therapeutic potential of exosomes in cardiovascular disease","volume":"1852","author":"Ailawadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4992","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-01896-1","article-title":"Activated T cell-derived exosomal PD-1 attenuates PD-L1-induced immune dysfunction in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"40","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900798","article-title":"Novel MHC Class I Structures on Exosomes1","volume":"183","author":"Lynch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2574","article-title":"Active Wnt proteins are secreted on exosomes","volume":"14","author":"Gross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2024.5706","article-title":"Exosomal integrins in tumor progression, treatment and clinical prediction (Review)","volume":"65","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45125-1","article-title":"The role of extracellular vesicle fusion with target cells in triggering systemic inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Papareddy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meldolesi, J. (2022). Unconventional Protein Secretion Dependent on Two Extracellular Vesicles: Exosomes and Ectosomes. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.877344"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12803","article-title":"The role of lipids in exosome biology and intercellular communication: Function, analytics and applications","volume":"22","year":"2021","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10993","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38011-1","article-title":"Ceramide releases exosomes with a specific miRNA signature for cell differentiation","volume":"13","author":"Fiorani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2013.06.016","article-title":"Emerging concepts on the role of exosomes in lipid metabolic diseases","volume":"96","author":"Record","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2017.178","article-title":"Exosomal cargo-loading and synthetic exosome-mimics as potential therapeutic tools","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.134","article-title":"A network-biology perspective of microRNA function and dysfunction in cancer","volume":"17","author":"Bracken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00566-8","article-title":"Long non-coding RNAs: Definitions, functions, challenges and recommendations","volume":"24","author":"Mattick","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22519","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22519","article-title":"Cells release subpopulations of exosomes with distinct molecular and biological properties","volume":"6","author":"Willms","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Statello, L., Maugeri, M., Garre, E., Nawaz, M., Wahlgren, J., Papadimitriou, A., Lundqvist, C., Lindfors, L., Coll\u00e9n, A., and Sunnerhagen, P. (2018). Identification of RNA-binding proteins in exosomes capable of interacting with different types of RNA: RBP-facilitated transport of RNAs into exosomes. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195969"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimta, A.A., Sigurjonsson, O.E., Gulei, D., and Tomuleasa, C. (2020). The Malignant Role of Exosomes as Nanocarriers of Rare RNA Species. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165866"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12777","article-title":"DNA in extracellular vesicles: Biological and clinical aspects","volume":"15","author":"Elzanowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.06.014","article-title":"Exosomes as nano-theranostic delivery platforms for gene therapy","volume":"65","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2010.105","article-title":"A novel nanoparticle drug delivery system: The anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin is enhanced when encapsulated in exosomes","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.03.033","article-title":"Exosomes as drug delivery vehicles for Parkinson\u2019s disease therapy","volume":"207","author":"Haney","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vu, B.N., Vu, T.V., Yoo, J.Y., Nguyen, N.T., Ko, K.S., Kim, J.Y., and Lee, K.O. (2023). CRISPR-Cas-mediated unfolded protein response control for enhancing plant stress resistance. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1271368"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31027","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v5.31027","article-title":"A platform for actively loading cargo RNA to elucidate limiting steps in EV-mediated delivery","volume":"5","author":"Hung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-017-2123-5","article-title":"Achieving the Promise of Therapeutic Extracellular Vesicles: The Devil is in Details of Therapeutic Loading","volume":"34","author":"Sutaria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816710","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2020.1816710","article-title":"Fusion protein engineered exosomes for targeted degradation of specific RNAs in lysosomes: A proof-of-concept study","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800275","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.201800275","article-title":"Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exosome Enrichment: A Proof-of-Concept Study for Exosome-Based Targeting Peptide Screening","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M115.054965","article-title":"Deubiquitylation of Protein Cargo Is Not an Essential Step in Exosome Formation","volume":"15","author":"Huebner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"1","article-title":"Post-translational add-ons mark the path in exosomal protein sorting","volume":"75","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2722","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1403186","article-title":"Ubiquitination as a Mechanism to Transport Soluble Mycobacterial and Eukaryotic Proteins to Exosomes","volume":"195","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22166","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M709668200","article-title":"Nedd4 mediates agonist-dependent ubiquitination, lysosomal targeting, and degradation of the beta2-adrenergic receptor","volume":"283","author":"Shenoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.03.030","article-title":"Engineered Exosomes as Vehicles for Biologically Active Proteins","volume":"25","author":"Sterzenbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1376160","article-title":"The E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 enhances killing of membrane-perturbing intracellular bacteria by promoting autophagy","volume":"13","author":"Pei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.10.012","article-title":"Ndfip1 protein promotes the function of itch ubiquitin ligase to prevent T cell activation and T helper 2 cell-mediated inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Oliver","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliver, P.M., Cao, X., Worthen, G.S., Shi, P., Briones, N., MacLeod, M., White, J., Kirby, P., Kappler, J., and Marrack, P. (2023). Identification of Ndfip1 as a novel negative regulator for spatial memory formation associated with increased ubiquitination of Beclin 1 and PTEN. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283908"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.05.001","article-title":"Ticket to Ride: Targeting Proteins to Exosomes for Brain Delivery","volume":"25","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"123","article-title":"NDFIP1 limits cellular TAZ accumulation via exosomal sorting to inhibit NSCLC proliferation","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-015-1408-1","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle sorting of \u03b1-Synuclein is regulated by sumoylation","volume":"129","author":"Kunadt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3980","article-title":"Sumoylated hnRNPA2B1 controls the sorting of miRNAs into exosomes through binding to specific motifs","volume":"4","author":"Mittelbrunn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146431","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI146431","article-title":"SUMOylation promotes extracellular vesicle-mediated transmission of lncRNA ELNAT1 and lymph node metastasis in bladder cancer","volume":"131","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3175","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618088114","article-title":"Phosphoproteins in extracellular vesicles as candidate markers for breast cancer","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreno-Gonzalo, O., Villarroya-Beltri, C., and S\u00e1nchez-Madrid, F. (2014). Post-translational modifications of exosomal proteins. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00383"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Y., Wu, N., Gan, X., Yan, W., Morrell, J.C., and Gould, S.J. (2007). Higher-order oligomerization targets plasma membrane proteins and HIV gag to exosomes. PLoS Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0050158"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.50","article-title":"Protein palmitoylation regulates extracellular vesicle production and function in sepsis","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13588","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13588","article-title":"ISGylation controls exosome secretion by promoting lysosomal degradation of MVB proteins","volume":"7","author":"Baixauli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mec.2021.e00181","article-title":"Cell line development for continuous high cell density biomanufacturing: Exploiting hypoxia for improved productivity","volume":"13","author":"Zeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metab. Eng. Commun."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04234-3","article-title":"MicroRNA sequence codes for small extracellular vesicle release and cellular retention","volume":"601","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44218-z","article-title":"A novel sorting signal for RNA packaging into small extracellular vesicles","volume":"13","author":"Oka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1190809","article-title":"A Novel miRNA Processing Pathway Independent of Dicer Requires Argonaute2 Catalytic Activity","volume":"328","author":"Cifuentes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2018-212994","article-title":"A potential role of microvesicle-containing miR-223\/142 in lung inflammation","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10849","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.446831","article-title":"Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2)-dependent exosomal transfer of angiogenic microRNAs regulate cancer cell metastasis","volume":"288","author":"Kosaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14448","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14448","article-title":"MVP-mediated exosomal sorting of miR-193a promotes colon cancer progression","volume":"8","author":"Teng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83669","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13276","article-title":"Myoferlin is a novel exosomal protein and functional regulator of cancer-derived exosomes","volume":"7","author":"Blomme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1596","article-title":"Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells","volume":"9","author":"Valadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1929","article-title":"Multivesicular bodies associate with components of miRNA effector complexes and modulate miRNA activity","volume":"11","author":"Gibbings","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2015.02.001","article-title":"Exosome and Exosomal MicroRNA: Trafficking, Sorting, and Function","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-024-02198-7","article-title":"Regulation of HNRNP family by post-translational modifications in cancer","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2202","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20182313","article-title":"Caveolin-1 selectively regulates microRNA sorting into microvesicles after noxious stimuli","volume":"216","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13243","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13243","article-title":"Gap junctional protein Cx43 is involved in the communication between extracellular vesicles and mammalian cells","volume":"5","author":"Soares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1157","article-title":"Synthetic human cell fate regulation by protein-driven RNA switches","volume":"2","author":"Saito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11149","article-title":"Programmable single-cell mammalian biocomputers","volume":"487","author":"Wieland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13847","article-title":"The ESCRT machinery regulates the secretion and long-range activity of Hedgehog","volume":"516","author":"Matusek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201592484","article-title":"ESCRTs are everywhere","volume":"34","author":"Hurley","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e14-08-1317","article-title":"Inhibition of ESCRT-II-CHMP6 interactions impedes cytokinetic abscission and leads to cell death","volume":"25","author":"Goliand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2009.07.008","article-title":"Structure and function of the ESCRT-II-III interface in multivesicular body biogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Im","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15288","article-title":"MEK\/ERK-mediated oncogenic signals promote secretion of extracellular vesicles by controlling lysosome function","volume":"113","author":"Hikita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.02.004","article-title":"Ras and exosome signaling","volume":"54","author":"Hikita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26411-7","article-title":"High-throughput screening identified selective inhibitors of exosome biogenesis and secretion: A drug repurposing strategy for advanced cancer","volume":"8","author":"Datta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-092910-154152","article-title":"Multivesicular body morphogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Hanson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07197","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.07197","article-title":"KRAS-dependent sorting of miRNA to exosomes","volume":"4","author":"Cha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.08.020","article-title":"Manumycin A suppresses exosome biogenesis and secretion via targeted inhibition of Ras\/Raf\/ERK1\/2 signaling and hnRNP H1 in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells","volume":"408","author":"Datta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0189-0","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced exosomes contribute to a more aggressive and chemoresistant ovarian cancer phenotype: A novel mechanism linking STAT3\/Rab proteins","volume":"37","author":"Dorayappan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09387-4","article-title":"Sulfisoxazole inhibits the secretion of small extracellular vesicles by targeting the endothelin receptor A","volume":"10","author":"Im","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71104-9","article-title":"Prognostic significance of Rab27 expression in solid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Koh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.215649","article-title":"System Xc(-) inhibition blocks bone marrow-multiple myeloma exosomal crosstalk, thereby countering bortezomib resistance","volume":"535","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201601025","article-title":"Cortactin promotes exosome secretion by controlling branched actin dynamics","volume":"214","author":"Sinha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00409-1","article-title":"RAB31 marks and controls an ESCRT-independent exosome pathway","volume":"31","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201912074","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201912074","article-title":"The RNA binding protein FMR1 controls selective exosomal miRNA cargo loading during inflammation","volume":"219","author":"Wozniak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henkels, K.M., Muppani, N.R., and Gomez-Cambronero, J. (2016). PLD-Specific Small-Molecule Inhibitors Decrease Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Neutrophils Infiltration in Breast Tumors and Lung and Liver Metastases. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166553"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5913","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922447117","article-title":"Tetraspanin-6 negatively regulates exosome production","volume":"117","author":"Ghossoub","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2011411118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2011411118","article-title":"Tetraspanin 6 is a regulator of carcinogenesis in colorectal cancer","volume":"118","author":"Andrijes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2019.04.035","article-title":"Vps4A mediates the localization and exosome release of \u03b2-catenin to inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"457","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.11.2982","article-title":"The Vps4p AAA ATPase regulates membrane association of a Vps protein complex required for normal endosome function","volume":"17","author":"Babst","year":"1998","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e381","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.381","article-title":"Caveolin-1-driven membrane remodelling regulates hnRNPK-mediated exosomal microRNA sorting in cancer","volume":"11","author":"Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2009.06949.x","article-title":"The regulation of the endosomal compartment by p53 the tumor suppressor gene","volume":"276","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6047","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.36378","article-title":"Exosome-dependent immune surveillance at the metastatic niche requires BAG6 and CBP\/p300-dependent acetylation of p53","volume":"9","author":"Schuldner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jo, H., Shim, K., and Jeoung, D. (2023). Exosomes: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications in Cancer. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051465"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosgodage, U.S., Trindade, R.P., Thompson, P.R., Inal, J.M., and Lange, S. (2017). Chloramidine\/Bisindolylmaleimide-I-Mediated Inhibition of Exosome and Microvesicle Release and Enhanced Efficacy of Cancer Chemotherapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18051007"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2015.04.036","article-title":"Mechanisms of RNA loading into exosomes","volume":"589","author":"Janas","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M010819","article-title":"Shiga toxin glycosphingolipid receptors in microvascular and macrovascular endothelial cells: Differential association with membrane lipid raft microdomains","volume":"52","author":"Betz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202209084","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202209084","article-title":"Inhibition of endolysosome fusion increases exosome secretion","volume":"222","author":"Shelke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01671-0","article-title":"Exosome biogenesis: Machinery, regulation, and therapeutic implications in cancer","volume":"21","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51515","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.9862","article-title":"YKT6 expression, exosome release, and survival in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"7","author":"Navarro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16820","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.342667","article-title":"Mechanism of evenness interrupted (Evi)-exosome release at synaptic boutons","volume":"287","author":"Koles","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2009.09.011","article-title":"TI-VAMP\/VAMP7 and VAMP3\/cellubrevin: Two v-SNARE proteins involved in specific steps of the autophagy\/multivesicular body pathways","volume":"1793","author":"Fader","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1071008","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1071008","article-title":"Dendritic cell-derived exosomes as maintenance immunotherapy after first line chemotherapy in NSCLC","volume":"5","author":"Besse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200602085","article-title":"Reassembly of contractile actin cortex in cell blebs","volume":"175","author":"Charras","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703244","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2019.1703244","article-title":"Inhibiting extracellular vesicles formation and release: A review of EV inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Catalano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02662-9","article-title":"Hypoxic exosomes orchestrate tumorigenesis: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"18","author":"Jafari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12146","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12146","article-title":"Hypoxia-stimulated ATM activation regulates autophagy-associated exosome release from cancer-associated fibroblasts to promote cancer cell invasion","volume":"10","author":"Xi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05161-7","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced HIF1\u03b1 activation regulates small extracellular vesicle release in human embryonic kidney cells","volume":"12","author":"Romero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F906","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00178.2017","article-title":"HIF-1-mediated production of exosomes during hypoxia is protective in renal tubular cells","volume":"313","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-019-0299-0","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-packaged HIF-1\u03b1-stabilizing lncRNA from tumour-associated macrophages regulates aerobic glycolysis of breast cancer cells","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34211","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.041152","article-title":"Microenvironmental pH is a key factor for exosome traffic in tumor cells","volume":"284","author":"Parolini","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.10.050","article-title":"Exosome secretion is enhanced by invadopodia and drives invasive behavior","volume":"5","author":"Hoshino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2021.10.005","article-title":"Exosome Biogenesis and Lysosome Function Determine Podocyte Exosome Release and Glomerular Inflammatory Response during Hyperhomocysteinemia","volume":"192","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2004.00257.x","article-title":"Rab11 promotes docking and fusion of multivesicular bodies in a calcium-dependent manner","volume":"6","author":"Savina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3409","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32042","article-title":"The Pannexin 1\/Purinergic Receptor P2X4 Pathway Controls the Secretion of MicroRNA-Containing Exosomes by HCV-Infected Hepatocytes","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11983","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.598425","article-title":"STIM1\/ORAI1-mediated Ca2+ Influx Regulates Enolase-1 Exteriorization","volume":"290","author":"Didiasova","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.02.020","article-title":"Exosomes: Therapy delivery tools and biomarkers of diseases","volume":"174","author":"Barile","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1807","article-title":"Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes","volume":"29","author":"Seow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.083","article-title":"A doxorubicin delivery platform using engineered natural membrane vesicle exosomes for targeted tumor therapy","volume":"35","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17543","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17543","article-title":"Targeted exosome-mediated delivery of opioid receptor Mu siRNA for the treatment of morphine relapse","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16413","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.8b10047","article-title":"Reprogramming Exosomes as Nanoscale Controllers of Cellular Immunity","volume":"140","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8166","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.621383","article-title":"Stabilization of exosome-targeting peptides via engineered glycosylation","volume":"290","author":"Hung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i1.42","article-title":"Recent advances in the HER2 targeted therapy of gastric cancer","volume":"3","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Cases"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2017.10.012","article-title":"Surface functionalized exosomes as targeted drug delivery vehicles for cerebral ischemia therapy","volume":"150","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31053","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v5.31053","article-title":"Display of GPI-anchored anti-EGFR nanobodies on extracellular vesicles promotes tumour cell targeting","volume":"5","author":"Kooijmans","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.01.009","article-title":"PEGylated and targeted extracellular vesicles display enhanced cell specificity and circulation time","volume":"224","author":"Kooijmans","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2018.1518712","article-title":"Ferumoxytol for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia","volume":"11","author":"Auerbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2020.119942","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived magnetic extracellular nanovesicles for targeting and treatment of ischemic stroke","volume":"243","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707360","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201707360","article-title":"Designer Exosomes for Active Targeted Chemo-Photothermal Synergistic Tumor Therapy","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27066","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.27066","article-title":"Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions","volume":"4","author":"Siljander","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, H., Arbab, S., Tian, Y., Liu, C.Q., Chen, Y., Qijie, L., Khan, M.I.U., Hassan, I.U., and Li, K. (2023). The gut microbiota\u2013brain axis in neurological disorder. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1225875"},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.101982","article-title":"The gut microbiota-immune-brain axis: Therapeutic implications","volume":"6","author":"Moloney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03434-2","article-title":"Gut microbiota and their influence in brain cancer milieu","volume":"22","author":"BharathwajChetty","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56930-7","article-title":"Improved overall survival in an anti-PD-L1 treated cohort of newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients is associated with distinct immune, mutation, and gut microbiome features: A single arm prospective phase I\/II trial","volume":"16","author":"Weathers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.106888","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in glioblastoma patients and potential biomarkers for risk assessment","volume":"195","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., Bae, K., Baek, A.R., Kwon, E.B., Kim, Y.H., Nam, S.W., Lee, G.H., and Chang, Y. (2022). Glioblastoma-Derived Exosomes as Nanopharmaceutics for Improved Glioma Treatment. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14051002"},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115087","article-title":"A comprehensive review on the composition, biogenesis, purification, and multifunctional role of exosome as delivery vehicles for cancer therapy","volume":"165","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2018.05.004","article-title":"Ceramide and Exosomes: A Novel Target in Cancer Biology and Therapy","volume":"140","author":"Elsherbini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00576-0","article-title":"Context-specific regulation of extracellular vesicle biogenesis and cargo selection","volume":"24","author":"Dixson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsaidan, O.A. (Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol., 2025). Current trends in exosomes as therapeutic drug delivery systems, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol., Advance online publication.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-04615-9"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Wang, L., Zeng, X., Schwarz, H., Nanda, H.S., Peng, X., and Zhou, Y. (2021). Exosomes, a New Star for Targeted Delivery. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.751079"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115853","article-title":"Biology and function of exosomes in tumor immunotherapy","volume":"169","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.52570","article-title":"Engineering exosomes for targeted drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5960","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00856","article-title":"Engineering Approaches for Exosome Cargo Loading and Targeted Delivery: Biological versus Chemical Perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, M., Yang, Q., Sun, X., and Wang, Y. (2020). Recent Advancements in the Loading and Modification of Therapeutic Exosomes. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.586130"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwarz, G., Ren, X., Xie, W., Guo, H., Jiang, Y., and Zhang, J. (2025). Engineered exosomes: A promising drug delivery platform with therapeutic potential. Front. Mol. Biosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1583992"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalmizrak, A., and Dalmizrak, O. (2022). Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as new tools for delivery of miRNAs in the treatment of cancer. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.956563"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-021-00699-4","article-title":"The role of exosomal lncRNAs in cancer biology and clinical management","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.07.042","article-title":"Surface functionalization of exosomes for target-specific delivery and in vivo imaging and tracking: Strategies and significance","volume":"326","author":"Salunkhe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4581","DOI":"10.1039\/D4LC00490F","article-title":"Development of in vitro model of exosome transport in microfluidic gut-brain axis-on-a-chip","volume":"24","author":"Seo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Sun, Y., Liu, W., Zhang, Y., Sun, G., Xiang, B., and Yang, J. (2024). Exosomes in Glioma: Unraveling Their Roles in Progression, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16040823"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, Z.S., Wu, Q., Jacome, M.A., Chen, J., and Etame, A.B. (2025). The Role of Gut Microbiome on Glioblastoma Oncogenesis and Malignant Evolution. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26072935"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-022-00427-8","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes as novel vehicles for delivery of miRNAs in cancer therapy","volume":"29","author":"Sohrabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2017.04.010","article-title":"Exosome Mediated Delivery of miR-124 Promotes Neurogenesis after Ischemia","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30087","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.30087","article-title":"Applying extracellular vesicles based therapeutics in clinical trials\u2014An ISEV position paper","volume":"4","author":"Lener","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02215-4","article-title":"Emerging role of exosomes in cancer therapy: Progress and challenges","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.1c02500","article-title":"Membrane-Decorated Exosomes for Combination Drug Delivery and Improved Glioma Therapy","volume":"38","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107973","article-title":"The gut microbiome and efficacy of cancer immunotherapy","volume":"231","author":"Roviello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5356760","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5356760","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Relieve Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice","volume":"2017","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2022.113296","article-title":"Regulation of the Th17\/Treg balance by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes protects against acute experimental colitis","volume":"419","author":"Heidari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02404-8","article-title":"A novel therapeutic approach for inflammatory bowel disease by exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells to repair intestinal barrier via TSG-6","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5906","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30275","article-title":"Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-secreted exosome alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis by Treg cell induction and inflammatory cytokine reduction","volume":"236","author":"Heidari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_296","first-page":"2026","article-title":"Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate inflammatory bowel disease in mice through ubiquitination","volume":"10","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, L., Ren, F., Fang, X., Yuan, L., Liu, G., and Wang, S. (2021). Exosomal MicroRNA-181a Derived From Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Gut Microbiota Composition, Barrier Function, and Inflammatory Status in an Experimental Colitis Model. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.660614"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03263-1","article-title":"Perinatal tissue-derived exosomes ameliorate colitis in mice by regulating the Foxp3\u2009+\u2009Treg cells and gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, R., Liao, Y., Wang, L., He, P., Hu, Y., Yuan, D., Wu, Z., and Sun, X. (2019). Exosomes Derived From M2b Macrophages Attenuate DSS-Induced Colitis. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02346"},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15356","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7324","article-title":"Exosomes released by granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells attenuate DSS-induced colitis in mice","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2010.490596","article-title":"Exosomes derived from interleukin-10-treated dendritic cells can inhibit trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced rat colitis","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-025-01463-z","article-title":"Sargassum fusiforme-derived Exosome-like Nanoparticles Suppress TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB Pathway to Alleviate Colitis via Modulating Gut Microbiota","volume":"81","author":"Chang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c11226","article-title":"Therapeutic Effects of Camel Milk. Exosomes and Their miR-148a-3p Cargo on DSS-Induced Colitis: Modulating Gut Inflammation through the SIRT1\/NF-\u03baB Pathway and Microbiota Alterations","volume":"74","author":"Yu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_304","first-page":"e131273","article-title":"Exosomes from mesenchymal stromal cells reduce murine colonic inflammation via a macrophage-dependent mechanism","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-06023-x","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived circHECTD1 targets claudin1 through the CTCF\/METTL3 axis to alleviate ulcerative colitis: Short title: BMSC-derived circHECTD1 alleviates UC","volume":"83","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9477","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b02925","article-title":"Porcine Milk Exosome MiRNAs Attenuate LPS-Induced Apoptosis through Inhibiting TLR4\/NF-\u03baB and p53 Pathways in Intestinal Epithelial Cells","volume":"67","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33862","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33862","article-title":"Porcine milk-derived exosomes promote proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14946","article-title":"Yak-milk-derived exosomes promote proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells in an hypoxic environment","volume":"102","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.10.001","article-title":"Plant-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs Shape the Gut Microbiota","volume":"24","author":"Teng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107071","article-title":"peu-MIR2916-p3-enriched garlic exosomes ameliorate murine colitis by reshaping gut microbiota, especially by boosting the anti-colitic Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron","volume":"200","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4822","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM00559J","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome mitigates colitis via the modulation of the gut metagenomics-metabolomics-farnesoid X receptor axis","volume":"10","author":"Ocansey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23344","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c04523","article-title":"Citrus Exosome-like Nanoparticles Reversed High-Fat Diet-Induced Microbiota Dysbiosis and Associated Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production","volume":"73","author":"Zhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2023.105997","article-title":"Kidney bean derived exosome-like nanovesicles ameliorate high-fat diet-induced obesity via reshaping gut microbiota","volume":"113","author":"Pang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_314","first-page":"7228","article-title":"Garlic-Derived Exosome-Like Nanoparticles Enhance Gut Homeostasis in Stressed Piglets: Involvement of Lactobacillus reuteri Modulation and Indole-3-propionic Acid Induction","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02065-0","article-title":"Edible exosome-like nanoparticles from portulaca oleracea L mitigate DSS-induced colitis via facilitating double-positive CD4+CD8+T cells expansion","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2002697","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"383","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2023.01.004","article-title":"Amelioration of colitis progression by ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticles through suppression of inflammatory cytokines","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102639","article-title":"Targeted C3G delivery by engineered milk exosomes for effective therapy in microplastics-induced colitis","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131241","article-title":"Albumen exosomes alleviate LPS-induced inflammation of intestinal epithelial cells via miR-22\/ATM\/p53\/NF-\u03baB axis","volume":"267","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-023-10541-1","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal miR-150-3p Affects Intracerebral Hemorrhage By Regulating TRAF6\/NF-\u03baB Axis, Gut Microbiota and Metabolism","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uceda, S., Reiriz, M., Echeverry-Alzate, V., and Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco, A.I. (2025). Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco, The Interplay Between Exosomes and Gut Microbiota in Neuroinflammation: A New Frontier in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125828"},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9142-1","article-title":"Interplay Between Exosomes, microRNAs and Toll-Like Receptors in Brain Disorders","volume":"53","author":"Paschon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0333-5","article-title":"The neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"DeTure","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uceda, S., Echeverry-Alzate, V., Reiriz-Rojas, M., Mart\u00ednez-Miguel, E., P\u00e9rez-Curiel, A., G\u00f3mez-Senent, S., and Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco, A.I. (2023). Gut Microbial Metabolome and Dysbiosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Psychobiotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as a Therapeutic Approach-A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241713294"},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z., Gu, P., Xu, H., Zhao, W., Zhou, Y., Zhou, L., Zhang, Z., Wang, W., Han, R., and Chai, X. (2021). Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Locomotor Function in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Mouse Model Through Regulating Intestinal Microorganisms. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.808905"},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Xi, B., Zhang, Y., Mei, M., Zhai, M., Ling, Y., and Chu, W. (Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin., 2025). Gut-brain axis and exosome-mediated communication in postoperative cognitive dysfunction associated with colorectal cancer, Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin., Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.3724\/abbs.2025151"},{"key":"ref_327","first-page":"32","article-title":"Unraveling the Ties: Type 2 Diabetes and Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014A Nano-Based Targeted Drug Delivery Approach","volume":"21","author":"De","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105890","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of radiotherapy with adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies","volume":"196","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckerdt, F., and Platanias, L.C. (2023). Emerging Role of Glioma Stem Cells in Mechanisms of Therapy Resistance. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133458"},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-022-03224-y","article-title":"Exosomes as Carriers for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy","volume":"40","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00600-2","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in glioblastoma: A challenge and an opportunity","volume":"8","author":"Gopala","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_332","first-page":"101043","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as delivery vehicles and therapeutic agents for glioblastoma treatment: A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4853","DOI":"10.1113\/JP282799","article-title":"Exosome engineering for efficient and targeted drug delivery: Current status and future perspective","volume":"601","author":"Malekian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2024.114460","article-title":"The potential of exosomes as a new therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma","volume":"203","author":"Branco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge\u010dys, D., Kazlauskas, A., Ge\u010dyt\u0117, E., Pau\u017eien\u0117, N., Kulakauskien\u0117, D., Lukminait\u0117, I., and Jekabsone, A. (2022). Internalisation of RGD-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles by Glioblastoma Cells. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11101483"},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2024.12542","article-title":"Preparation and evaluation of the PD0721-DOX antibody-drug conjugate targeting EGFRvIII to inhibit glioblastoma","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/1061186X.2022.2152819","article-title":"Engineered anti-EGFRvIII targeted exosomes induce apoptosis in glioblastoma multiforme","volume":"31","author":"Rahmani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakrabarti, M., Klionsky, D.J., and Ray, S.K. (2016). miR-30e Blocks Autophagy and Acts Synergistically with Proanthocyanidin for Inhibition of AVEN and BIRC6 to Increase Apoptosis in Glioblastoma Stem Cells and Glioblastoma SNB19 Cells. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158537"},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-020-01590-9","article-title":"Synergism of 4HPR and SAHA increases anti-tumor actions in glioblastoma cells","volume":"25","author":"Khathayer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2013.02.019","article-title":"Exosomes from marrow stromal cells expressing miR-146b inhibit glioma growth","volume":"335","author":"Katakowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-015-0280-9","article-title":"Exosomes as Tools to Suppress Primary Brain Tumor","volume":"36","author":"Katakowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03336-4","article-title":"Innovative dual-gene delivery platform using miR-124 and PD-1 via umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and exosome for glioblastoma therapy","volume":"44","author":"Yueh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.06.048","article-title":"Auto-loaded TRAIL-exosomes derived from induced neural stem cells for brain cancer therapy","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39984","article-title":"Research progress of drug resistance mechanism of temozolomide in the treatment of glioblastoma","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ubanako, P., Mirza, S., Ruff, P., and Penny, C. (2024). Exosome-mediated delivery of siRNA molecules in cancer therapy: Triumphs and challenges. Front. Mol. Biosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2024.1447953"},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216592","article-title":"Biological, diagnostic and therapeutic implications of exosomes in glioma","volume":"582","author":"Davidson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-86580-0","article-title":"Exosomal miR-21-5p from glioma associated mesenchymal stem cells promotes the progression and glycolysis of glioblastoma via PDHA1","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monfared, H., Jahangard, Y., Nikkhah, M., Mirnajafi-Zadeh, J., and Mowla, S.J. (2019). Potential Therapeutic Effects of Exosomes Packed With a miR-21-Sponge Construct in a Rat Model of Glioblastoma. Front. Oncol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00782"},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2025.102649","article-title":"Ferroptosis as a therapeutic target in glioblastoma: Mechanisms and emerging strategies","volume":"36","author":"Mashayekhi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.03.042","article-title":"Ferroptosis: An. iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death","volume":"149","author":"Dixon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-025-02711-6","article-title":"Ioning out glioblastoma: Ferroptosis mechanisms and therapeutic frontiers","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2025.114616","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: A paradigm shift in clinical therapeutics","volume":"450","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2025.01.019","article-title":"Exosome-based miRNA delivery: Transforming cancer treatment with mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"28","author":"Balaraman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01556-y","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes: Novel carriers for nanoparticle to combat cancer","volume":"28","author":"Abbasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agosti, E., Antonietti, S., Ius, T., Fontanella, M.M., Zeppieri, M., and Panciani, P.P. (2024). A Systematic Review of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: A Potential Treatment for Glioblastoma. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14111058"},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanz-Ros, J., Mas-Bargues, C., Romero-Garc\u00eda, N., Huete-Acevedo, J., Dromant, M., and Borr\u00e1s, C. (2023). Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutic Resources in the Clinical Environment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032344"},{"key":"ref_357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalaga, P., and Ray, S.K. (2026). Advancing Bioconjugated Quantum Dots with Click Chemistry and Artificial Intelligence to Image and Treat Glioblastoma. Cells, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15020185"},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alapati, S., and Ray, S.K. (2026). Controlling Biogenesis and Engineering of Exosomes to Inhibit Growth and Promote Death in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Brain Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16020130"},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leigh, K., and Ray, S.K. (2026). Exosomes as Specific Vehicles for Delivery of Combination Therapies for Inhibiting Autophagy and Inducing Apoptosis in MYCN-Amplified Neuroblastoma Displaying Gut Dysbiosis: Current Challenges and Future Opportunities. Brain Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16020125"},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, J., Li, T., Zhao, J., Wang, C., and Sun, H. (2022). Current understanding of the human microbiome in glioma. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.781741"},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.17464","article-title":"7 I, a structurally modified sinomenine, exerts dual anti-GBM effects by inhibiting glioblastoma proliferation and inducing necroptosis which further mediates lysosomal cell death","volume":"182","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2025.155939","article-title":"Recent developments in cuproptosis of glioblastoma","volume":"269","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10203","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10203","article-title":"Doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticle coated with endothelial cells-derived exosomes for immunogenic chemotherapy of glioblastoma","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-019-00280-5","article-title":"Paclitaxel incorporated exosomes derived from glioblastoma cells: Comparative study of two loading techniques","volume":"27","author":"Salarpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Daru"},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5803","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NA00501E","article-title":"A comprehensive review of challenges and advances in exosome-based drug delivery systems","volume":"6","author":"Palakurthi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.07.004","article-title":"Exosomes and biomimetic nanovesicles-mediated anti-glioblastoma therapy: A head-to-head comparison","volume":"336","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10904","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR01667F","article-title":"Emerging extracellular vesicle-based carriers for glioblastoma diagnosis and therapy","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youssef, E., Palmer, D., Fletcher, B., and Vaughn, R. (2025). Exosomes in Precision Oncology and Beyond: From Bench to Bedside in Diagnostics and Therapeutics. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202501.1036.v1"},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26238","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.26238","article-title":"Macrophage-dependent clearance of systemically administered B16BL6-derived exosomes from the blood circulation in mice","volume":"4","author":"Imai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1800","article-title":"Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers","volume":"10","author":"Skog","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12030","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12030","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: Natural liver-accumulating drug delivery vehicles for the treatment of liver diseases","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2013.03.013","article-title":"Visualization and in vivo tracking of the exosomes of murine melanoma B16-BL6 cells in mice after intravenous injection","volume":"165","author":"Takahashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.02.030","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Exosomes-An Important Factor for Elucidating the Biological Roles of Exosomes and for the Development of Exosome-Based Therapeutics","volume":"106","author":"Morishita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47443","DOI":"10.31083\/JIN47443","article-title":"The Role of Exosomes as Endogenous Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery: Isolation, Engineering, and Clinical Progress in Neurological and Other Diseases","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_375","first-page":"1","article-title":"Strategies, Challenges and Application Prospects for Exosome Engineering Modifications in Tumor Targeted Therapeutics","volume":"21","author":"Ge","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/5\/422\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T05:12:10Z","timestamp":1772341930000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/5\/422"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":375,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15050422"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15050422","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]}}}