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This hypothesis-generating study aimed to evaluate whether changes in the N-glycosylation of IgG, C3, AGP, and the serum proteins over one year of treatment correlate with clinical and histological features of LN and predict renal outcomes. Methods: Serum samples from 19 treatment-na\u00efve patients with LN were collected at baseline and 12 months post-treatment, in conjunction with per-protocol repeat kidney biopsy. IgG (Fc, Fab, and total), C3, AGP, and total serum glycoproteins were isolated and analysed as either released N-glycans or N-glycopeptides using high-throughput glycomic approaches. Clinical and histological data were obtained at both time points, along with assessments of clinical and histological response at 12 months and long-term renal function. Results: In total, we identified 24\/243 increased N-glycosylation traits (2 total IgG, 5 IgG Fc, 7 IgG Fab, 5 serum glycoproteins, 4 AGP, and 1 C3) and 10\/243 decreased N-glycosylation traits (7 total IgG, 2 IgG Fc, 1 IgG Fab) following treatment. Baseline AGP IORMIF1N5H6S2F1 showed a positive correlation with eGFR both at baseline (r = 0.64, p = 0.005) and at 12 months (r = 0.51, p = 0.032). Among AGP N-glycosylation traits, IVORMI1N7H8S3 (r = 0.66, p = 0.002; r = 0.48, p = 0.041, respectively), VORMI1N8H9S4 (r = 0.51, p = 0.029; r = 0.49, p = 0.038, respectively), and VORMI1N8H9S4F1 (r = 0.48, p = 0.039; r = 0.49, p = 0.034, respectively) significantly correlated with activity index (AI) at baseline and at 12 months. Presence of cellular crescents at baseline positively correlated with three AGP N-glycosylation traits: IORMISORMIIA1N4H5S2 (r = 0.49, p = 0.036), VORMII1N5H6S3F1 (r = 0.63, p = 0.006), and VORMII1N4H5S2 (r = 0.48, p = 0.046). Total serum N-glycan (structure) N5H4F1 at 12 months was associated with both clinical and histological response to treatment. Delta of total serum N-glycan structure N5H5S1 was independently associated with poor long-term outcome. Conclusions: This study suggests that glycosylation changes over one year of treatment are associated with specific clinical and histological features and both short- and long-term renal outcomes in LN. Given the small cohort size, results should be considered hypothesis-generating warranting further investigation in independent cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15050433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T16:06:59Z","timestamp":1772467619000},"page":"433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Glycomic Profiles of IgG, C3 and Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein (AGP) Before and One Year After Treatment for Active Lupus Nephritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9894-6966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dionysis","family":"Nikolopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0935-0192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Cindri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska Cesta 83H, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Charitidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University, SE-701 82 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6044-172X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Sherina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Radovani Trbojevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska Cesta 83H, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0866-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Pu\u010di\u0107-Bakovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska Cesta 83H, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4229-3318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"\u0160imunovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska Cesta 83H, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Marie","family":"Patenaude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska Cesta 83H, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tea","family":"Pribi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska Cesta 83H, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Tamirou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and P\u00f4le de Pathologies Rhumatismales Inflammatoires et Syst\u00e9miques, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain Brussels, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordan","family":"Lauc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska Cesta 83H, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ulica Ante Kova\u010di\u0107a 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1451-083X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric A.","family":"Houssiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Institut de Recherche Exp\u00e9rimentale et Clinique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and P\u00f4le de Pathologies Rhumatismales Inflammatoires et Syst\u00e9miques, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain Brussels, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4875-5395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Parodis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University, SE-701 82 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-025-00653-y","article-title":"Lupus nephritis","volume":"11","author":"Parodis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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