{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:44:43Z","timestamp":1791247483102,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stichting Alzheimer Onderzoek","award":["2020-0038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-0038"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Fellowship from Bijzonder Onderzoeksfonds UGent"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Yet the molecular mechanisms underlying its contribution to AD remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we developed and characterized a set of apoE-specific single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) as a molecular toolbox to investigate intracellular apoE4. The nanobodies bind human apoE with nanomolar to sub-nanomolar affinity and recognize both apoE3 and apoE4. Domain-level epitope mapping revealed nanobodies that selectively bind either an N-terminal (residues 1\u2013173) or C-terminal (residues 170\u2013299) apoE4 fragment. Several nanobodies were validated as endoplasmic reticulum-targeted intrabodies that bind apoE4 intracellularly and promote its intracellular retention. These nanobodies constitute a versatile toolbox for probing and manipulating apoE4 in cellular models. As an exploratory application of this nanobody toolbox, we examined cytosolic apoE4, motivated by previous studies suggesting that cytosolic apoE4 fragments may influence AD-related cellular processes. Cytosolic expression of apoE4 resulted in perinuclear protein assemblies and the appearance of a ~25 kDa apoE4 fragment. Using a nanobody-based nuclear relocalization assay, we showed that cytosolic apoE4 remains accessible for nanobody binding but was not relocated to the nucleus by a nuclear localization signal-equipped nanobody. Altogether, this study introduces a nanobody-based toolbox to investigate apoE4 in distinct intracellular contexts, which can be relevant to AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15050479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T11:05:44Z","timestamp":1772795144000},"page":"479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Nanobody-Based Toolbox to Probe ApoE4 in the Secretory Pathway and Cytosol"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1733-6160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laure","family":"Vandevelde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Zwaenepoel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3431-0835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edith","family":"De Bruycker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8039-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurits","family":"Ranson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Van Stichel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlien","family":"Matthys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-8872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Gettemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890009011761","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E4: An Allele Associated with Many Diseases","volume":"32","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. 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