{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:00:20Z","timestamp":1792101620197,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of China","award":["2021ZD0203104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021ZD0203104"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82471069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible visual impairment, is driven by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. Emerging evidence highlights astrocytes as pivotal players in its pathogenesis, with their heterogeneity and pathological metabolic reprogramming profoundly impacting RGC survival. This review synthesizes current insights into astrocyte diversity and metabolic alterations during glaucoma-related RGC injury, emphasizing molecular mechanisms from proteomic studies. Key focuses include fatty acid metabolism, neuroinflammation, and signaling pathways that modulate astrocyte function and contribute to neurodegeneration. Despite advances, challenges remain\u2014particularly in characterizing astrocyte subtypes and identifying actionable targets within astrocyte-mediated metabolic\/inflammatory cascades. By unraveling the interplay between astrocyte heterogeneity, metabolic reprogramming, and RGC vulnerability, this review provides novel theoretical frameworks to inform targeted glaucoma therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15060487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T08:43:31Z","timestamp":1773132211000},"page":"487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Astrocyte Heterogeneity and Metabolic Reprogramming: Mechanisms Governing Retinal Ganglion Cell Damage in Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yufei","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"},{"name":"The Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function Analysis and Modulation, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongran","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"},{"name":"The Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function Analysis and Modulation, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"},{"name":"The Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function Analysis and Modulation, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"},{"name":"The Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function Analysis and Modulation, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingmei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"},{"name":"The Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function Analysis and Modulation, Xi\u2019an 710032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2020.12.009","article-title":"Potential Roles of Astrocytes and M\u00fcller Cells in the Pathogenesis of Glaucoma","volume":"145","author":"Shinozaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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