{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:40:36Z","timestamp":1789620036666,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":226,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>ChemoNETosis represents a distinct form of therapy-induced innate immune activation, in which cytotoxic chemotherapy alters the tumor microenvironment (TME) in ways that attract and stimulate neutrophils, ultimately triggering the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Unlike classical NETosis, which typically arises in response to infection or sterile inflammation, chemoNETosis is initiated by treatment-related danger signals and chemokine\u2013cytokine loops that reshape the immune landscape and promote the formation of NET-rich metastatic niches. These NET structures serve not only as physical scaffolds but also as bioactive platforms enriched with proteases, reactive oxygen species, and enzymes capable of activating growth factors, collectively driving epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition, enhanced tumor cell plasticity, immune cell exclusion, changes in vascular permeability, and the development of chemotherapy resistance. While predominantly associated with tumor-promoting effects, chemoNETosis may, under specific genetic or metabolic conditions, contribute to antitumor responses, reflecting its context-dependent plasticity. In this review, we present what is, to our knowledge, the first in-depth synthesis of chemoNETosis across solid tumors, with a focus on key mechanistic nodes and translational perspectives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15060536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T12:42:16Z","timestamp":1773751336000},"page":"536","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["ChemoNETosis in Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Treatment-Induced NET Formation and Therapeutic Consequences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6115-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojan","family":"Stojanovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojana S.","family":"Stojanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6492-7305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Dimitrijevic Stojanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Cvetkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bojan","family":"Milosevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Vulovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University Hospital Medical Center Be\u017eanijska Kosa, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Milivojcevic Bevc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Medical Emergency Department, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andra","family":"Jevtovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danijela","family":"Tasic-Uros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Medical Emergency Department, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Knezevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Matic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Milojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verica","family":"Vukicevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City Medical Emergency Department, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danijela","family":"Bazic Sretenovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sladjan","family":"Petrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Health Center Prokuplje, 18400 Prokuplje, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Boskovic Matic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milos","family":"Zivic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatjana","family":"Lazarevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00534-X","article-title":"International multidisciplinary consensus on the integration of radiotherapy with new systemic treatments for breast cancer: European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO)-endorsed recommendations","volume":"25","author":"Meattini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.003","article-title":"Metastasis","volume":"186","author":"Gerstberger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Y., Yuan, J., Peng, Y., Zhou, C., Liu, X., Sun, L., and Song, Q. (2025). Bispecific antibodies combined with chemotherapy in solid tumor treatment, the path forward?. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1568724"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2021.100797","article-title":"Impact of cancer metabolism on therapy resistance\u2014Clinical implications","volume":"59","author":"Richiardone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, G., and Ferrer, C.M. (Trends Cell Biol., 2025). The role of the immune tumor microenvironment in shaping metastatic dissemination, dormancy, and outgrowth, Trends Cell Biol., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2025.05.006"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabit, H., Arneth, B., Abdel-Ghany, S., Madyan, E.F., Ghaleb, A.H., Selvaraj, P., Shin, D.M., Bommireddy, R., and Elhashash, A. (2024). Beyond Cancer Cells: How the Tumor Microenvironment Drives Cancer Progression. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13191666"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-21-3844","article-title":"Drug-Tolerant Persister Cells in Cancer Therapy Resistance","volume":"82","author":"Dhanyamraju","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01500-w","article-title":"Chemotherapy induces cell plasticity; controlling plasticity increases therapeutic response","volume":"8","author":"Iborra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Bakker, T., Maes, A., Dragan, T., Martinive, P., Penninckx, S., and Van Gestel, D. (2024). Strategies to Overcome Intrinsic and Acquired Resistance to Chemoradiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202412.1383.v1"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dzobo, K., Senthebane, D.A., and Dandara, C. (2023). The Tumor Microenvironment in Tumorigenesis and Therapy Resistance Revisited. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15020376"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01891-4","article-title":"Drug tolerant persister cell plasticity in cancer: A revolutionary strategy for more effective anticancer therapies","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2021.100796","article-title":"Anticancer drug resistance: An update and perspective","volume":"59","author":"Nussinov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, N., Sheetz, J., and Shellman, Y.G. (2025). Targeting the BCL2 Family: Advances and Challenges in BH3 Mimetic-Based Therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26209859"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70295","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70295","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR Axis in Cancer: From Pathogenesis to Treatment","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01383-x","article-title":"Tumor cell plasticity in targeted therapy-induced resistance: Mechanisms and new strategies","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-024-00706-6","article-title":"Cancer organoids 2.0: Modelling the complexity of the tumour immune microenvironment","volume":"24","author":"Polak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00544-0","article-title":"Extracellular matrix and its therapeutic potential for cancer treatment","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad266","article-title":"Neutrophils-biology and diversity","volume":"39","author":"Klotz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraus, R.F., and Gruber, M.A. (2021). Neutrophils-From Bone Marrow to First-Line Defense of the Innate Immune System. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.767175"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01244-9","article-title":"Neutrophils in cancer: From biology to therapy","volume":"22","author":"Koenderman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01843-6","article-title":"The evolution and heterogeneity of neutrophils in cancers: Origins, subsets, functions, orchestrations and clinical applications","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2310318","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202310318","article-title":"Engineering and Targeting Neutrophils for Cancer Therapy","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2022.188762","article-title":"Tumor-associated neutrophils and neutrophil-targeted cancer therapies","volume":"1877","author":"Que","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadf6493","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf6493","article-title":"Deterministic reprogramming of neutrophils within tumors","volume":"383","author":"Ng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsioumpekou, M., Krijgsman, D., Leusen, J.H.W., and Olofsen, P.A. (2023). The Role of Cytokines in Neutrophil Development, Tissue Homing, Function and Plasticity in Health and Disease. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12151981"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-02029-y","article-title":"The heterogeneity of neutrophils in cancer and its implication for therapeutic targeting","volume":"26","author":"Eruslanov","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00352-w","article-title":"Drug resistance in cancer: Molecular mechanisms and emerging treatment strategies","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01786-4","article-title":"Neutrophils are shaped by the tumor microenvironment: Novel possibilities for targeting neutrophils in cancer","volume":"9","author":"Kalafati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.02.005","article-title":"Neutrophil profiling illuminates anti-tumor antigen-presenting potency","volume":"187","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.10.008","article-title":"High-resolution single-cell atlas reveals diversity and plasticity of tissue-resident neutrophils in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"40","author":"Salcher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02242-7","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of tumor-associated neutrophils: Dual role and phenotypic plasticity","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2020.1807250","article-title":"Tumor associated neutrophils promote the metastasis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Tao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-024-02004-z","article-title":"Neutrophils in Cancer immunotherapy: Friends or foes?","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01002-y","article-title":"Neutrophils become pro-angiogenic in tumours","volume":"24","author":"Bird","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buszka, K., Dompe, C., Derwich, K., Pie\u015bcikowska, I., Nowicki, M., and Budna-Tukan, J. (2025). Dual Nature of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)\u2014From Cancer\u2019s Ally to Therapeutic Target. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14151200"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.02.016","article-title":"The evolving tumor microenvironment: From cancer initiation to metastatic outgrowth","volume":"41","author":"Joyce","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102906","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps drive intestinal microvascular endothelial ferroptosis by impairing Fundc1-dependent mitophagy","volume":"67","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2021.07.011","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer","volume":"79","author":"Cristinziano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahnou, H., El Kebbaj, R., Hba, S., Ouadghiri, Z., El Faqer, O., Pinon, A., Liagre, B., Limami, Y., and Duval, R.E. (2025). Neutrophils and Neutrophil-Based Drug Delivery Systems in Anti-Cancer Therapy. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17071232"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koc, D.C., M\u0103nescu, I.B., M\u0103nescu, M., and Dobreanu, M. (2024). A Review of the Prognostic Significance of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Nonhematologic Malignancies. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14182057"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i9.2807","article-title":"Prognostic significance of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"e90705","article-title":"Optimal Cutoff for the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Tool for Pre-chemotherapy Prognosis Stratification of Breast Cancer Patients","volume":"17","author":"Zandi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-0281-y","article-title":"Neutrophil diversity and plasticity in tumour progression and therapy","volume":"20","author":"Jaillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korbecki, J., Bosiacki, M., Pilarczyk, M., Kot, M., Defort, P., Walaszek, I., Chlubek, D., and Baranowska-Bosiacka, I. (2025). The CXCL1-CXCR2 Axis as a Component of Therapy Resistance, a Source of Side Effects in Cancer Treatment, and a Therapeutic Target. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17101674"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2025.5734","article-title":"Tumor-associated neutrophils: Critical regulators in cancer progression and therapeutic resistance (Review)","volume":"66","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibellini, L., Borella, R., Santacroce, E., Serattini, E., Boraldi, F., Quaglino, D., Aramini, B., De Biasi, S., and Cossarizza, A. (2023). Circulating and Tumor-Associated Neutrophils in the Era of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Dynamics, Phenotypes, Metabolism, and Functions. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15133327"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.08.024","article-title":"Immunosuppressive CD10+ALPL+ neutrophils promote resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in HCC by mediating irreversible exhaustion of T cells","volume":"79","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2205613","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202205613","article-title":"ETV4 Mediated Tumor-Associated Neutrophil Infiltration Facilitates Lymphangiogenesis and Lymphatic Metastasis of Bladder Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S347777","article-title":"Tumor-Infiltrating PD-L1+ Neutrophils Induced by GM-CSF Suppress T Cell Function in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Predict Unfavorable Prognosis","volume":"15","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313075","article-title":"Tumour-activated neutrophils in gastric cancer foster immune suppression and disease progression through GM-CSF-PD-L1 pathway","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1356965","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1356965","article-title":"Tumor-associated neutrophils induce apoptosis of non-activated CD8 T-cells in a TNF\u03b1 and NO-dependent mechanism, promoting a tumor-supportive environment","volume":"6","author":"Michaeli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amor\u00f3s-P\u00e9rez, B., Rivas-Pardo, B., G\u00f3mez Del Moral, M., Subiza, J.L., and Mart\u00ednez-Naves, E. (2024). State of the Art in CAR-T Cell Therapy for Solid Tumors: Is There a Sweeter Future?. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13090725"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02327-z","article-title":"CAR race to cancer immunotherapy: From CAR T, CAR NK to CAR macrophage therapy","volume":"41","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haist, M., Stege, H., Grabbe, S., and Bros, M. (2021). The Functional Crosstalk between Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Regulatory T Cells within the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13020210"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Lancet Oncology (2021). CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumours. Lancet. Oncol., 22, 893.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00353-3"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13173","article-title":"The formation and function of the neutrophil phagosome","volume":"314","author":"Naish","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gierlikowska, B., Stachura, A., Gierlikowski, W., and Demkow, U. (2021). Phagocytosis, Degranulation and Extracellular Traps Release by Neutrophils-The Current Knowledge, Pharmacological Modulation and Future Prospects. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.666732"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eichelberger, K.R., and Goldman, W.E. (2020). Manipulating neutrophil degranulation as a bacterial virulence strategy. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009054"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70184","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70184","article-title":"Neutrophils in Tissue Injury and Repair: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01933-x","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in homeostasis and disease","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3954","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16036","article-title":"Recent progress in the mechanistic understanding of NET formation in neutrophils","volume":"289","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoen, J., Euler, M., Schauer, C., Schett, G., Herrmann, M., Knopf, J., and Yaykasli, K.O. (2022). Neutrophils\u2019 Extracellular Trap Mechanisms: From Physiology to Pathology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232112855"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.105","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease","volume":"18","author":"Papayannopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0261-x","article-title":"To NET or not to NET:current opinions and state of the science regarding the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"26","author":"Boeltz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-08218-3","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer: Immune modulation, therapy resistance, and the dilemma of targeting","volume":"16","author":"Brambilla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damascena, H.L., Silveira, W.A.A., Castro, M.S., and Fontes, W. (2022). Neutrophil Activated by the Famous and Potent PMA (Phorbol Myristate Acetate). Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182889"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Du, C., Zhang, Y., and Zhu, L. (2024). Composition and Function of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14040416"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201006052","article-title":"Neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase regulate the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"191","author":"Papayannopoulos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09523-9","article-title":"Myeloperoxidase transforms chromatin into neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"647","author":"Burn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00337-9","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in health and disease","volume":"6","author":"Shahzad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szyma\u0144ska, Z., Staniewski, A., Karpi\u0144ski, M., Zalewska, K., Kalus, O., Gramala, Z., Ma\u0107kowiak, J., Mertowski, S., Filipiak, K.J., and Rahnama-Hezavah, M. (2025). The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Networks in Cardiovascular Pathology. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14191562"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, R., Yin, J., Qin, Z., Zhang, M., and Jia, X. (2025). NETs: A new target for autoimmune disease. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1646527"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Olivares, L., and Soehnlein, O. (2021). Contemporary Lifestyle and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps: An Emerging Link in Atherosclerosis Disease. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10081985"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trivedi, A., Khan, M.A., Bade, G., and Talwar, A. (2021). Orchestration of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (Nets), a Unique Innate Immune Function during Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Development. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9010053"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01881-6","article-title":"DNA of neutrophil extracellular traps promote NF-\u03baB-dependent autoimmunity via cGAS\/TLR9 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morawiec, M.L., Kubina, R., Jab\u0142o\u0144ska, E., Ratajczak-Wrona, W., St\u0119pie\u0144, S., Go\u0142\u0119bski, M., and Mielczarek-Palacz, A. (2025). NETs\u2014As predictors and targets of supportive therapy for cancer treatment. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1666261"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Onuma, A., He, J., Wang, H., Xia, Y., Lal, R., Cheng, X., Kasumova, G., and Hu, Z. (2021). Neutrophils Extracellular Traps Inhibition Improves PD-1 Blockade Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13215333"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-024-03833-z","article-title":"PD-L1+ neutrophils induced NETs in malignant ascites is a potential biomarker in HCC","volume":"73","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101799","article-title":"Neutrophil Elastase Facilitates Tumor Cell Intravasation and Early Metastatic Events","volume":"23","author":"Deryugina","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4227","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps produced during inflammation awaken dormant cancer cells in mice","volume":"361","author":"Albrengues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demkow, U. (2021). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Cancer Invasion, Evasion and Metastasis. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13174495"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2022.159164","article-title":"Cathepsin G-induced malignant progression of MCF-7 cells involves suppression of PAF signaling through induced expression of PAFAH1B2","volume":"1867","author":"Tanigawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1170","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.1170","article-title":"Neutrophil, neutrophil extracellular traps and endothelial cell dysfunction in sepsis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190557","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI190557","article-title":"Tumor-derived neutrophil extracellular trap-associated DNA impairs treatment efficacy in breast cancer via CCDC25-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition","volume":"136","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e178344","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI178344","article-title":"NETs unleashed: Neutrophil extracellular traps boost chemotherapy against colorectal cancer","volume":"134","author":"Mousset","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5846","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.111096","article-title":"Targeting neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer progression and metastasis","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2024.12.006","article-title":"Prognostic significance of serum complement activation, neutrophil extracellular traps and extracellular DNA in newly diagnosed epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"193","author":"Ricciuti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nigam, M., Punia, B., Dimri, D.B., Mishra, A.P., Radu, A.F., and Bungau, G. (2025). Reactive Oxygen Species: A Double-Edged Sword in the Modulation of Cancer Signaling Pathway Dynamics. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14151207"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-023-01112-5","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps induced by the hypoxic microenvironment in gastric cancer augment tumour growth","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-024-00994-y","article-title":"Tumour cell-released autophagosomes promote lung metastasis by upregulating PD-L1 expression in pulmonary vascular endothelial cells in breast cancer","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6443","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S441981","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Trap is Surrogate Biomarker for Prognosis and Response to Neoadjuvant Therapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Zhong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21807","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.6748","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in relationship to efficacy of systemic therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-024-01170-1","article-title":"A Novel Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Signature Predicts Patient Chemotherapy Resistance and Prognosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma","volume":"67","author":"Xing","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2025.111147","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap-related signature predicts the prognosis and immunotherapy outcome of lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"117","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-29093-0","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps as biomarkers for predicting prognosis and chemotherapy response in colorectal cancer","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baron, S., Binenbaum, Y., Maman, R., Fidel, V., Shusterman, A., Vaisman, D., Sher, O., Manisterski, M., Shukrun, R., and R\u00f6ssig, C. (2025). Neutrophil extracellular traps are associated with poor response to neoadjuvant therapy and poor survival in pediatric osteosarcoma. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1472716"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahzad, M.H., Feng, L., Su, X., Brassard, A., Dhoparee-Doomah, I., Ferri, L.E., Spicer, J.D., and Cools-Lartigue, J.J. (2022). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Cancer Therapy Resistance. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14051359"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.03.011","article-title":"ChemoNETosis: A road to tumor therapeutic resistance","volume":"41","author":"Saw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052418","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2022.2052418","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps induce tumor metastasis through dual effects on cancer and endothelial cells","volume":"11","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-023-00463-y","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps primed intercellular communication in cancer progression as a promising therapeutic target","volume":"11","author":"Shang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601394","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2025.2601394","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap inhibition revitalizes PDAC immunotherapy responsiveness via reduced fibrosis and TCF1+CD8+ progenitor T-cell expansion","volume":"14","author":"Niemann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1605822","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2019.1605822","article-title":"DNA released from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) activates pancreatic stellate cells and enhances pancreatic tumor growth","volume":"8","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2023.216260","article-title":"Dual antiplatelet therapy inhibits neutrophil extracellular traps to reduce liver micrometastases of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"567","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-3222","article-title":"Platelet TLR4-ERK5 Axis Facilitates NET-Mediated Capturing of Circulating Tumor Cells and Distant Metastasis after Surgical Stress","volume":"81","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., Liu, J., and Yan, N. (2022). Endothelial Dysfunction Induced by Extracellular Neutrophil Traps Plays Important Role in the Occurrence and Treatment of Extracellular Neutrophil Traps-Related Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105626"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217288","article-title":"S100A7 orchestrates neutrophil chemotaxis and drives neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation to facilitate lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer patients","volume":"605","author":"Ning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45558-6","article-title":"A neutrophil extracellular traps-related classification predicts prognosis and response to immunotherapy in colon cancer","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"28","article-title":"Targeting NETosis: Nature\u2019s alarm system in cancer progression","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santana, P.T., de Lima, I.S., Silva, E.S.K.C.D., Barbosa, P.H.S., and de Souza, H.S.P. (2024). Persistent Activation of the P2X7 Receptor Underlies Chronic Inflammation and Carcinogenic Changes in the Intestine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252010874"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaltenmeier, C., Yazdani, H.O., Morder, K., Geller, D.A., Simmons, R.L., and Tohme, S. (2021). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote T Cell Exhaustion in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.785222"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-022-2243-4","article-title":"The shadows hang over immunotherapy-neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer","volume":"66","author":"Pu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.03.001","article-title":"CXCR1 and CXCR2 Chemokine Receptor Agonists Produced by Tumors Induce Neutrophil Extracellular Traps that Interfere with Immune Cytotoxicity","volume":"52","author":"Teijeira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20190354","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190354","article-title":"Interleukin-17-induced neutrophil extracellular traps mediate resistance to checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer","volume":"217","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabq6221","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abq6221","article-title":"Neutralization of NET-associated human ARG1 enhances cancer immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Barouni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.03.008","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps formed during chemotherapy confer treatment resistance via TGF-\u03b2 activation","volume":"41","author":"Mousset","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2024.03.007","article-title":"NETscape or NEThance: Tailoring anti-cancer therapy","volume":"10","author":"Mousset","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maddalena, M., Dimitrov, J., Mehmood, T., Terlizzi, C., Esposito, P.M.H., Franzese, A., Pellegrino, S., De Rosa, V., Iommelli, F., and Del Vecchio, S. (2025). Neutrophil extracellular traps as drivers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer cells. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1655019"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.08.014","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 and RAS jointly unmask primed enhancers to drive metastasis","volume":"187","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67484","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps sequester circulating tumor cells and promote metastasis","volume":"123","author":"Spicer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2394-6","article-title":"DNA of neutrophil extracellular traps promotes cancer metastasis via CCDC25","volume":"583","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, S., Liu, Y., Zhang, T., Zheng, J., Lin, W., Cai, J., Zou, J., Chen, Y., Xie, Y., and Chen, Y. (2021). The Global, Regional, and National Burden and Trends of Breast Cancer From 1990 to 2019: Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.689562"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v8","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv298","article-title":"Primary breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"26","author":"Senkus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"105","article-title":"SEOM-GEICAM-SOLTI clinical guidelines for early-stage breast cancer (UPDATE 2025)","volume":"28","author":"Novoa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fumagalli, C., and Barberis, M. (2021). Breast Cancer Heterogeneity. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11091555"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0111-2","article-title":"Breast cancer","volume":"5","author":"Harbeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2025.101288","article-title":"Drug resistance in breast cancer: Mechanisms and strategies for management","volume":"83","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2024.104389","article-title":"A review concerning the breast cancer-related tumour microenvironment","volume":"199","author":"Patarroyo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, J., Yang, L., Li, Z., Zhang, H., Wang, Q., Huang, J., Wang, B., Mohan, C.D., Sethi, G., and Wang, G. (2023). The role of the tumor microenvironment in endocrine therapy resistance in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1261283"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01306-3","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts induce growth and radioresistance of breast cancer cells through paracrine IL-6","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brogna, M.R., Varone, V., DelSesto, M., and Ferrara, G. (2025). The role of CAFs in therapeutic resistance in triple negative breast cancer: An emerging challenge. Front. Mol. Biosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2025.1568865"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stavrou, M., and Constantinidou, A. (2024). Tumor associated macrophages in breast cancer progression: Implications and clinical relevance. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1441820"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S60114","article-title":"Chemotherapy-enhanced inflammation may lead to the failure of therapy and metastasis","volume":"7","author":"Vyas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moura, T., Laranjeira, P., Caramelo, O., Gil, A.M., and Paiva, A. (2025). Breast Cancer and Tumor Microenvironment: The Crucial Role of Immune Cells. Curr. Oncol., 32.","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol32030143"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-025-02201-8","article-title":"Neutrophils matter: New clinical insights on their role in the progression of metastatic breast cancer","volume":"27","author":"Correia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, S., Feng, T., and Fan, Y. (2025). Tumor-associated neutrophils in breast cancer: An angel or a devil?. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1593156"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000003269","article-title":"Neutrophils as key regulators of tumor microenvironment in breast cancer: A focus on N1 and N2 polarization","volume":"87","author":"Obeagu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadopoulou, S., Michou, V., Tsiotsias, A., Tzitiridou-Chatzopoulou, M., and Eskitzis, P. (2026). Tumor-Associated Neutrophils and Desmoplastic Reaction in the Breast Cancer Tumor Microenvironment: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18030404"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-025-02136-0","article-title":"The role of NETosis in breast cancer: Mechanistic insights and biomarker potential","volume":"27","author":"Norouzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-019-1237-6","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in breast cancer and beyond: Current perspectives on NET stimuli, thrombosis and metastasis, and clinical utility for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Snoderly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Liang, Y., Sun, C., Zhai, Y., Li, X., Jiang, M., Yang, R., Li, X., Shu, Q., and Kai, G. (2022). Dihydrotanshinone I Inhibits the Lung Metastasis of Breast Cancer by Suppressing Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315180"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.94669","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Breast Cancer: Roles in Metastasis and Beyond","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2023.115619","article-title":"Highly-tumor-targeted PAD4 inhibitors with PBA modification inhibit tumors in vivo by specifically inhibiting the PAD4-H3cit-NETs pathway in neutrophils","volume":"258","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald, P.C., and Dedhar, S. (2022). New Perspectives on the Role of Integrin-Linked Kinase (ILK) Signaling in Cancer Metastasis. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133209"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-03451-w","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in tumor metastasis: Mechanisms, and therapeutic implications","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins-Cardoso, K., Almeida, V.H., Bagri, K.M., Rossi, M.I.D., Mermelstein, C.S., K\u00f6nig, S., and Monteiro, R.Q. (2020). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Promote Pro-Metastatic Phenotype in Human Breast Cancer Cells through Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12061542"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-025-02011-y","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps induced by neoadjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer promotes vascular endothelial damage","volume":"27","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shakerdi, A.L., Finnegan, E., Sheng, Y.Y., Vidovic, K., Logan, J.M., Ward, M.P., O\u2019Toole, S.A., Martin, C., Selemidis, S., and Brooks, D. (2025). Crosstalk Between Inflammasome Signalling and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cancer and Benign Disease: Mechanistic Insights, Context-Dependence, and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202509.1114.v1"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52553-6","article-title":"Caspase-1-dependent spatiality in triple-negative breast cancer and response to immunotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400031","DOI":"10.1111\/boc.202400031","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps modulate chemotherapy efficacy and its adverse side effects","volume":"116","author":"Mousset","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heiserman, J.P., and Akhurst, R.J. (2025). Diverse Biological Processes Contribute to Transforming Growth Factor \u03b2-Mediated Cancer Drug Resistance. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14191518"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cecerska-Hery\u0107, E., Jerzyk, A., Goszka, M., Polikowska, A., Rachwalska, J., Serwin, N., Wojciuk, B., and Do\u0142\u0119gowska, B. (2025). TGF-\u03b2 Signaling in Cancer: Mechanisms of Progression and Therapeutic Targets. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157326"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-025-00944-3","article-title":"Neutrophils and NETs in kidney disease","volume":"21","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Chen, X., Lu, Y., Sun, N., Weisgerber, K.E., Xu, M., and Bai, R.Y. (2025). Neutrophil Dynamics in Response to Cancer Therapies. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17152593"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70050","DOI":"10.1002\/ccs3.70050","article-title":"Iron enhances reactive oxygen species generation and initiates neutrophil extracellular traps formation on the endothelium to exacerbate stroke","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Espiritu, A., and O\u2019Sullivan, K.M. (2025). A Web of Challenges: The Therapeutic Struggle to Target NETs in Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202504.0682.v1"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, M.S., Karuniawati, H., Jairoun, A.A., Urbi, Z., Ooi, J., John, A., Lim, Y.C., Kibria, K.M.K., Mohiuddin, A.K.M., and Ming, L.C. (2022). Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Carcinogenesis, Global Epidemiology, Current Challenges, Risk Factors, Preventive and Treatment Strategies. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14071732"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.10.003","article-title":"Metastatic colorectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"34","author":"Cervantes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.2340\/1651-226X.2025.42985","article-title":"Synchronous metastases from colorectal cancer. Treatment and long-term survival compared to patients with metachronous metastases: A population-based study from Central Norway 2001\u20132015","volume":"64","author":"Storli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pericay, C., Fern\u00e1ndez Montes, A., Alonso Ordu\u00f1a, V., Macias Declara, I., Asensio Mart\u00ednez, E., Rodr\u00edguez Salas, N., Torres, E., Cacho Lav\u00edn, D., Rodr\u00edguez Alonso, R.M., and Falc\u00f3, E. (2023). Real-World Outcomes in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in Spain: The RWD-ACROSS Study. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15184603"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2200075","article-title":"Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis Guiding Adjuvant Therapy in Stage II Colon Cancer","volume":"386","author":"Tie","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-026-02212-9","article-title":"Spectral CT imaging in colorectal cancer: Current applications, limitations, and future perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Grange","year":"2026","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Underwood, P.W., Ruff, S.M., and Pawlik, T.M. (2024). Update on Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13030245"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, J.M., Kim, S., Tsung, C., Kent, E., Jain, A., Ruff, S.M., and Zhang, H. (2025). Comprehensive review of the resistance mechanisms of colorectal cancer classified by therapy type. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1571731"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05806-z","article-title":"Intratumor heterogeneity and cell secretome promote chemotherapy resistance and progression of colorectal cancer","volume":"14","author":"Harrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48706-2","article-title":"Multiregional transcriptomics identifies congruent consensus subtypes with prognostic value beyond tumor heterogeneity of colorectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"Langerud","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braum\u00fcller, H., Mauerer, B., Andris, J., Berlin, C., Wieder, T., and Kesselring, R. (2022). The Cytokine Network in Colorectal Cancer: Implications for New Treatment Strategies. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010138"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01690","article-title":"Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: ASCO Guideline","volume":"41","author":"Morris","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/s41389-023-00492-0","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms in colitis-associated colorectal cancer","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, J., Liang, W., and Li, K. (2026). Unveiling the tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer therapeutic resistance. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1753180"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandaleone, L., Dal Buono, A., Gabbiadini, R., Marcozzi, G., Polverini, D., Carvello, M., Spinelli, A., Hassan, C., Repici, A., and Bezzio, C. (2024). Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Risk Management and Surveillance Strategies. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16172967"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W., Kuang, T., Liu, L., and Deng, W. (2024). The role of innate immune cells in the colorectal cancer tumor microenvironment and advances in anti-tumor therapy research. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1407449"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masui, H., Kawada, K., and Obama, K. (2024). Neutrophil and Colorectal Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26010006"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107589","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v17.i7.107589","article-title":"Exploring the role of neutrophil extracellular traps in colorectal cancer: Insights from single-cell sequencing","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, U., Chowdhury, S., Billah, M.M., Islam, K.M.D., Thorlacius, H., and Rahman, M. (2021). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Colorectal Cancer Progression and Metastasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147260"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, W., Wu, J., Peng, Y., Sun, J., Cheng, P., and Huang, Q. (2022). Tumor-Associated Neutrophils in Colorectal Cancer Development, Progression and Immunotherapy. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194755"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., He, S., Gong, X., Lei, S., Zhang, Q., Xiong, J., and Liu, Y. (2025). Neutrophils in colorectal cancer: Mechanisms, prognostic value, and therapeutic implications. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1538635"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-04585-3","article-title":"Tumour cell apoptosis modulates the colorectal cancer immune microenvironment via interleukin-8-dependent neutrophil recruitment","volume":"13","author":"Schimek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2011.09.002","article-title":"The expression and role of CXC chemokines in colorectal cancer","volume":"22","author":"Verbeke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2020.100825","article-title":"Tumor-associated neutrophils suppress antitumor immunity of NK cells through the PD-L1\/PD-1 axis","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yajuk, O., Baron, M., Toker, S., Zelter, T., Fainsod-Levi, T., and Granot, Z. (2021). The PD-L1\/PD-1 Axis Blocks Neutrophil Cytotoxicity in Cancer. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061510"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02363-z","article-title":"Neutrophil-specific targeting of STAT3 impairs tumor progression via the expansion of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells","volume":"10","author":"Ozel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3530","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.3530","article-title":"GSK484, an inhibitor of peptidyl arginine deiminase 4, increases the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer and inhibits neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gene Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, D., Lu, Y., Wang, Y., and Wang, Y. (2022). PAD4 and Its Inhibitors in Cancer Progression and Prognosis. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112414"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Shao, J., Cao, B., Zhao, R., Li, H., Gao, W., Chen, P., Jin, L., Cao, L., and Ji, S. (2022). The Significance of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Colorectal Cancer and Beyond: From Bench to Bedside. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.848594"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70368","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.70368","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer: From mechanisms to treatments","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.5098","article-title":"Incidence of Recurrence and Time to Recurrence in Stage I to III Colorectal Cancer: A Nationwide Danish Cohort Study","volume":"10","author":"Nors","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezu, L., Ak\u00e7al \u00d6ks\u00fcz, D., Bell, M., Buggy, D., Diaz-Cambronero, O., Enlund, M., Forget, P., Gupta, A., Hollmann, M.W., and Ionescu, D. (2024). Perioperative Immunosuppressive Factors during Cancer Surgery: An Updated Review. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16132304"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sopen.2019.12.005","article-title":"Does postoperative inflammation or sepsis generate neutrophil extracellular traps that influence colorectal cancer progression? A systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Carroll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-1319","article-title":"IL8, Neutrophils, and NETs in a Collusion against Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy","volume":"27","author":"Teijeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-67579-7","article-title":"Agonist signaling drives neutrophil subpopulations to promote\/inhibit colorectal cancer liver metastasis","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Song, J., Zhang, Y., Li, T., Peng, J., Zhou, H., and Zong, Z. (2022). Emerging Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Gastrointestinal Tumors: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010334"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3924","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-2463","article-title":"Tumor-Produced Interleukin-8 Attracts Human Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Elicits Extrusion of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs)","volume":"22","author":"Alfaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamoto, M., Mizuno, R., Kawada, K., Itatani, Y., Kiyasu, Y., Hanada, K., Hirata, W., Nishikawa, Y., Masui, H., and Sugimoto, N. (2023). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote Metastases of Colorectal Cancers through Activation of ERK Signaling by Releasing Neutrophil Elastase. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021118"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07267-8","article-title":"PPIF+ neutrophils promote mtROS driven NETosis mediated progression of colorectal cancer","volume":"23","author":"Ying","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900240","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Trap-Associated CEACAM1 as a Putative Therapeutic Target to Prevent Metastatic Progression of Colon Carcinoma","volume":"204","author":"Rayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-1591","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote the Development and Progression of Liver Metastases after Surgical Stress","volume":"76","author":"Tohme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e175031","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI175031","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps induced by chemotherapy inhibit tumor growth in murine models of colorectal cancer","volume":"134","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SenGupta, S., Hein, L.E., and Parent, C.A. (2021). The Recruitment of Neutrophils to the Tumor Microenvironment Is Regulated by Multiple Mediators. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.734188"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azzouz, D., and Palaniyar, N. (2024). How Do ROS Induce NETosis? Oxidative DNA Damage, DNA Repair, and Chromatin Decondensation. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14101307"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.13027","article-title":"Pancreatic Cancer: A Review","volume":"326","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.1930","article-title":"Pancreatic Cancer Surveillance and Survival of High-Risk Individuals","volume":"10","author":"Blackford","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bugazia, D., Al-Najjar, E., Esmail, A., Abdelrahim, S., Abboud, K., Abdelrahim, A., Umoru, G., Rayyan, H.A., Abudayyeh, A., and Al Moustafa, A.E. (2024). Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: The latest on diagnosis, molecular profiling, and systemic treatments. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1386699"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taherian, M., Wang, H., and Wang, H. (2022). Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Molecular Pathology and Predictive Biomarkers. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11193068"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, S., P\u00f6ttler, M., Lan, B., Gr\u00fctzmann, R., Pilarsky, C., and Yang, H. (2019). Chemoresistance in Pancreatic Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20184504"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2025.104528","article-title":"ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline Express Update on the management of metastatic pancreatic cancer","volume":"10","author":"Conroy","year":"2025","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, D., Patel, R., Chiang, C.Y., and Hou, P. (2022). Role of the Tumor Microenvironment in Regulating Pancreatic Cancer Therapy Resistance. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11192952"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Z., Adeniran, E.A., Cai, Y., Qureshi, T.A., Li, D., Gong, J., Li, J., Pandol, S.J., and Jiang, Y. (2025). Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer: Current Advances and Future Opportunities. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13071733"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galindo-Vega, A., Maldonado-Lagunas, V., Mitre-Aguilar, I.B., and Melendez-Zajgla, J. (2023). Tumor Microenvironment Role in Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12121560"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00261-2","article-title":"Pancreatic cancer","volume":"405","author":"Stoop","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01134","article-title":"Adjuvant nab-Paclitaxel + Gemcitabine in Resected Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Results From a Randomized, Open-Label, Phase III Trial","volume":"41","author":"Tempero","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_212","first-page":"832","article-title":"GPRC5A\/CXCL8\/NLRP3-mediated neutrophil extracellular traps drive gemcitabine-nab-paclitaxel resistance in pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-313738","article-title":"Targeting both tumour-associated CXCR2+ neutrophils and CCR2+ macrophages disrupts myeloid recruitment and improves chemotherapeutic responses in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma","volume":"67","author":"Nywening","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_214","first-page":"6176","article-title":"Tumor-associated neutrophils in pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis","volume":"13","author":"Sturgeon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13176","article-title":"N1 versus N2 and PMN-MDSC: A critical appraisal of current concepts on tumor-associated neutrophils and new directions for human oncology","volume":"314","author":"Antuamwine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-018-6941-4","article-title":"Tumor-Infiltrating NETs Predict Postsurgical Survival in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4950214","DOI":"10.1155\/grp\/4950214","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote Pancreatic Cancer Progression via the STING Pathway","volume":"2025","author":"Qu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Ma, H., Mo, S., Yu, S., Lu, Z., and Chen, J. (2022). Intratumoral neutrophil extracellular traps are associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes and immunogenic context in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1027459"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00586-x","article-title":"Multiomics integration reveals NETosis heterogeneity and TLR2 as a prognostic biomarker in pancreatic cancer","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hackner, D., Merkel, S., Wei\u00df, A., Krautz, C., Weber, G.F., Gr\u00fctzmann, R., and Brunner, M. (2024). Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Prognostic Nutritional Index Are Predictors for Overall Survival after Primary Pancreatic Resection of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Single Centre Evaluation. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16162911"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5443","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16555","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular DNA traps promote pancreatic cancer cells migration and invasion by activating EGFR\/ERK pathway","volume":"25","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08440-x","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap gene expression signatures identify prognostic and targetable signaling axes for inhibiting pancreatic tumour metastasis","volume":"8","author":"McDonald","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitsis, M., Drosou, P., Tatsis, V., and Markopoulos, G.S. (2022). Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and Pancreatic Cancer Development: A Vicious Cycle. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14143339"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-025-03192-1","article-title":"Gemcitabine-induced neutrophil extracellular traps via interleukin-8-CXCR1\/2 pathway promote chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer","volume":"133","author":"Nogi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, Z.J., Li, Y.B., Yang, L.X., Cheng, H.J., Liu, X., and Chen, H. (2021). Roles of the CXCL8-CXCR1\/2 Axis in the Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010137"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-23-0065","article-title":"Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells Regulate NLRP3 Activation to Generate a Tolerogenic Microenvironment","volume":"3","author":"Dominguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res. Commun."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/6\/536\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T12:57:40Z","timestamp":1773752260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/6\/536"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"references-count":226,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15060536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15060536","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]}}}