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Nanoparticles for treating breast cancer are becoming a new-generation approach to induce the death of breast cancer cells because of their favorable physicochemical properties and excellent targeting ability. Recent studies have shown that nanoparticles can significantly increase anticancer activity by activating several cell death mechanisms, such as pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, and disulfidptosis. The present review focuses on the molecular processes that lead to cell death in breast cancer models due to nanoparticle exposure. Such mechanisms have also been documented in other solid tumors, suggesting the possible universality of the cell death induced by nanoparticles. In the current review, we systematically summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying the various forms of cell death caused by nanoparticles in breast cancer cells to provide a theoretical background for the translational use of nanotechnology in precise breast cancer treatment and a cross-validation model for future mechanistic research on various types of cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15070589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T13:48:41Z","timestamp":1774532921000},"page":"589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nanoparticle-Induced Breast Cancer Cell Death: The Associated Mechanisms of Seven Major Cell Death Pathways in Preclinical Models and a Cross-Validation Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shirui","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Main Campus, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuicui","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Main Campus, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Main Campus, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhou","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bocheng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Main Campus, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6353-139X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Main Campus, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanju","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Main Campus, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0554-8457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Main Campus, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"},{"name":"School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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