{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:15:31Z","timestamp":1791980131742,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015938","name":"Hillman Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015938","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02g98ya79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EY008098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY008098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["EY008098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY008098"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wkg3b53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Eye and Ear Foundation","award":["NIH RMIP U01 EY035252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH RMIP U01 EY035252"]}]},{"award":["NIH RMIP U01 EY035252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH RMIP U01 EY035252"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00y022594","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corneal fibrosis, clinically referred to as corneal scarring, disrupts the normal architecture and transparency of the cornea and remains a major cause of visual impairment worldwide. Although corneal transplantation can restore vision, its effectiveness is constrained by limited accessibility, donor tissue shortages, and the risk of allograft rejection. Treatments with human corneal stromal stem cells (hCSSCs) have demonstrated scarless healing in preclinical models of acute corneal injury. Here, we report that hCSSCs also modulated pre-existing corneal opacities. We established a reproducible in vivo model of chronic corneal opacity. Given that scar severity varies among corneas even after identical injuries, we developed a non-invasive, image-based method to quantify opacity volume longitudinally in individual corneas. Using this approach, we evaluated the scar-reducing potential of three hCSSC batches previously shown to inhibit acute scarring. Following cell treatment, the pre-existing opacity volumes gradually decreased. In vitro, hCSSCs exposed to pro-inflammatory stimulus exhibited increased metalloproteinase (MMP) activity relative to tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), as indicated by an elevated MMP2\/TIMP2 ratio. This shift may promote matrix remodeling and scar resolution. Overall, our findings provide proof-of-concept for hCSSC-based therapy as a strategy to reduce established corneal scarring and restore corneal transparency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15070615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:41:53Z","timestamp":1774878113000},"page":"615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Human Corneal Stromal Stem Cell Treatment Reduces Established Opacities in Chronic Corneal Scarring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kira L.","family":"Lathrop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"},{"name":"Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8780-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia T.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Chandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda R.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moira L.","family":"Geary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6969-2389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepinder K.","family":"Dhaliwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Jhanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7220-3892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mithun","family":"Santra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary H. F.","family":"Yam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"},{"name":"McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"},{"name":"Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2024.115317","article-title":"Corneal fibrosis: From in vitro models to current and upcoming drug and gene medicines","volume":"209","author":"Gurdal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108089","article-title":"Corneal wound healing","volume":"197","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. 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