{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:50:01Z","timestamp":1785408601148,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS-106746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS-106746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS-116786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS-116786"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NS-106746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS-106746"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["NS-116786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS-116786"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stroke, a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability, induces complex cascades of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that exacerbate brain injury. The peroxiredoxin (Prx; Prdx) family, composed of six thiol-dependent antioxidant enzymes (Prx1\u20136), plays a pivotal role in regulating redox homeostasis and immune responses in the brain. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the isoform-specific roles of Prxs in both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, highlighting their dual and context-dependent functions. Intracellular Prxs generally protect neurons and maintain blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) integrity, while extracellular Prxs\u2014particularly Prx1 and Prx2\u2014act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), activating toll-like receptor signaling and amplifying inflammation. Isoforms such as Prx3 and Prx4 exhibit mitochondrial and endothelial protective effects, respectively, whereas Prx6 demonstrates complex roles influenced by its acidic, Ca2+-independent, phospholipase A2 (aiPLA2) activity and cellular localization. We also discuss emerging tools for studying Prx biology and explore the translational potential of Prxs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Ultimately, a nuanced understanding of Prx dynamics offers new avenues for stroke diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15070640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:14:43Z","timestamp":1775142883000},"page":"640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Peroxiredoxins in Stroke: Friends and Foes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1176-2065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yingfeng","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7882-1832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liheng","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohua","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0100-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya S.","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6441-5334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard F.","family":"Keep","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3645-4584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sravanthi","family":"Koduri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.07.027","article-title":"Ischemic Stroke","volume":"134","author":"Feske","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70104-7","article-title":"Intracerebral haemorrhage: Mechanisms of injury and therapeutic targets","volume":"11","author":"Keep","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64034-5.00019-5","article-title":"Hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"176","author":"Montano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-023-01282-2","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke","volume":"23","author":"Alsbrook","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, V., Bishayee, K., Park, S., Lee, U., and Kim, J. (2023). Oxidative stress in cerebrovascular disease and associated diseases. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1124419"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200708133912","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke: Role of Oxidative Stress","volume":"26","author":"Rojas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12911","article-title":"Interaction of microglia with infiltrating immune cells in the different phases of stroke","volume":"30","author":"Berchtold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-0004(02)00003-8","article-title":"Structure, mechanism and regulation of peroxiredoxins","volume":"28","author":"Wood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2009.06984.x","article-title":"Typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins--modulation by covalent transformations and noncovalent interactions","volume":"276","author":"Aran","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R111.283432","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin functions as a peroxidase and a regulator and sensor of local peroxides","volume":"287","author":"Rhee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2016.2368","article-title":"Overview on Peroxiredoxin","volume":"39","author":"Rhee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2016.2341","article-title":"Multiple Roles of Peroxiredoxins in Inflammation","volume":"39","author":"Knoops","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngo, V., and Duennwald, M.L. (2022). Nrf2 and Oxidative Stress: A General Overview of Mechanisms and Implications in Human Disease. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122345"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.028","article-title":"Multiple functions of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, I and II, and their regulations via post-translational modifications","volume":"152","author":"Rhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(00)01491-9","article-title":"Co-induction of heme oxygenase-1 and peroxiredoxin I in astrocytes and microglia around hemorrhagic region in the rat brain","volume":"293","author":"Nakaso","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.10.025","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 1-mediated activation of TLR4\/NF-kappaB pathway contributes to neuroinflammatory injury in intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Yu, L., Sun, G., Liu, Y., Hu, W., Liu, Y., Peng, T., Wang, X., Cheng, J., and Sr, A. (2020). Danhong Injection Protects Hemorrhagic Brain by Increasing Peroxiredoxin 1 in Aged Rats. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00346"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, G.Q., Huang, J.C., Yuan, J.J., Zhang, Q., Gong, C.X., Chen, Q., Xie, Q., Xie, L.X., Chen, R., and Qiu, Z.M. (2020). Prdx1 Reduces Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Injury via Targeting Inflammation- and Apoptosis-Related mRNA Stability. Front. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00181"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.06.045","article-title":"The neuroprotective effects and probable mechanisms of Ligustilide and its degradative products on intracerebral hemorrhage in mice","volume":"63","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2006-0340TR","article-title":"How many transcription factors does it take to turn on the heme oxygenase-1 gene?","volume":"36","author":"Alam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2015.05.001","article-title":"Peroxiredoxins: Guardians against oxidative stress and modulators of peroxide signaling","volume":"40","author":"Perkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3393","article-title":"Multiple functions of peroxiredoxins: Peroxidases, sensors and regulators of the intracellular messenger H2O2, and protein chaperones","volume":"15","author":"Rhee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2008.2081","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 2 and peroxide metabolism in the erythrocyte","volume":"10","author":"Low","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadowska-Bartosz, I., and Bartosz, G. (2023). Peroxiredoxin 2: An Important Element of the Antioxidant Defense of the Erythrocyte. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12051012"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00714-x","article-title":"Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Brain Injury in Rats: The Role of Extracellular Peroxiredoxin 2","volume":"11","author":"Bian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14681","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14681","article-title":"Intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury in mice: The role of peroxiredoxin 2-Toll-like receptor 4 inflammatory axis","volume":"30","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.034372","article-title":"Role of Complement Component 3 in Early Erythrolysis in the Hematoma After Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X231173187","article-title":"Characteristics of activation of monocyte-derived macrophages versus microglia after mouse experimental intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"43","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113521","article-title":"Role of lipocalin-2 in extracellular peroxiredoxin 2-induced brain swelling, inflammation and neuronal death","volume":"335","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S505346","article-title":"Feasibility of Serum Peroxiredoxin 2 as a Biochemical Indicator for Reflecting Severity and Prognosticating Stroke-Associated Pneumonia, Early Neurological Deterioration and Poor Neurological Outcomes in Acute Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage: An Observational Analytical Clinical Study","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09568-5","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin II exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress-induced neuronal pyroptosis","volume":"51","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.03.019","article-title":"Txnrd2 Attenuates Early Brain Injury by Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via Trx2\/Prx3 Pathway after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats","volume":"545","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-018-1064-8","article-title":"Proteomic Analysis of Cerebral Cortex Extracts from Sus scrofa with Induced Hemorrhagic Stroke","volume":"65","author":"Sidyakin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00359","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20160100","article-title":"The effect of subarachnoid erythrocyte lysate on brain injury: A preliminary study","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2017.04.003","article-title":"Variations in the cerebrospinal fluid proteome following traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"24","author":"Connor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201801150R","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 1\/2 protects brain against H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1118-4","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 2 activates microglia by interacting with Toll-like receptor 4 after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-025-03565-3","article-title":"Serum peroxiredoxin 2 emerges as a predictive biomarker of poor neurological outcome and delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A prospective cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.12.010","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin-3 plays a neuroprotective role in early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats","volume":"193","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.111087","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin-5 alleviates early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage by reducing oxidative stress","volume":"217","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-024-00538-4","article-title":"Choroid plexus immune cell response in murine hydrocephalus induced by intraventricular hemorrhage","volume":"21","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.028672","article-title":"Prx2 (Peroxiredoxin 2) as a Cause of Hydrocephalus After Intraventricular Hemorrhage","volume":"51","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Tan, X., Xia, F., Hua, Y., Keep, R.F., and Xi, G. (2021). Hydrocephalus Induced by Intraventricular Peroxiredoxin-2: The Role of Macrophages in the Choroid Plexus. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11050654"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2749","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin family proteins are key initiators of post-ischemic inflammation in the brain","volume":"18","author":"Shichita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Li, X., Xu, S., Zhang, M., Wu, Z., Zhang, X., Xu, Y., and Chen, Y. (2020). Delayed PARP-1 Inhibition Alleviates Post-stroke Inflammation in Male Versus Female Mice: Differences and Similarities. Front. Cell Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00077"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10705","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04247-9","article-title":"PRDX1 Interfering Peptide Disrupts Amino Acids 70-90 of PRDX1 to Inhibit the TLR4\/NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway and Attenuate Neuroinflammation and Ischemic Brain Injury","volume":"61","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90979","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18773","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of a novel gastrodin derivative against ischemic brain injury: Involvement of peroxiredoxin and TLR4 signaling inhibition","volume":"8","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5381","article-title":"Nitrosative stress induces peroxiredoxin 1 ubiquitination during ischemic insult via E6AP activation in endothelial cells both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"21","author":"Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102347","article-title":"The antioxidant enzyme Peroxiredoxin-1 controls stroke-associated microglia against acute ischemic stroke","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Wu, Q., Xu, C., Wang, L., Wang, J., Liu, C., and Zhao, H. (2024). Ischemic Postconditioning Regulates New Cell Death Mechanisms in Stroke: Disulfidptosis. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14111390"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mengozzi, M., Kirkham, F.A., Girdwood, E.E.R., Bunting, E., Drazich, E., Timeyin, J., Ghezzi, P., and Rajkumar, C. (2020). C-Reactive Protein Predicts Further Ischemic Events in Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack or Lacunar Stroke. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01403"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2024.09.016","article-title":"Loss of function in protein Z (PROZ) is associated with increased risk of ischemic stroke in the UK Biobank","volume":"23","author":"Haj","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02170-7","article-title":"Phthalide derivative CD21 attenuates tissue plasminogen activator-induced hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke by enhancing macrophage scavenger receptor 1-mediated DAMP (peroxiredoxin 1) clearance","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golubczyk, D., Mowinska, A., Holak, P., Walczak, P., Janowski, M., and Malysz-Cymborska, I. (2025). Complexity of Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecule Expression Profile in Porcine Brain Affected by Ischemic Stroke. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083702"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.680157","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 2 battles poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1- and p53-dependent prodeath pathways after ischemic injury","volume":"44","author":"Leak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12497","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3892-09.2009","article-title":"Essential role of cytoplasmic cdk5 and Prx2 in multiple ischemic injury models, in vivo","volume":"29","author":"Rashidian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.5625\/lar.2017.33.2.98","article-title":"Hyperglycemia decreases preoxiredoxin-2 expression in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model","volume":"33","author":"Koh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400272121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2400272121","article-title":"Endothelial peroxiredoxin-4 is indispensable for blood-brain barrier integrity and long-term functional recovery after ischemic stroke","volume":"121","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5929","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.28029","article-title":"Targeted homing of CCR2-overexpressing mesenchymal stromal cells to ischemic brain enhances post-stroke recovery partially through PRDX4-mediated blood-brain barrier preservation","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.003813","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 5 (PRX5) is correlated inversely to systemic markers of inflammation in acute stroke","volume":"45","author":"Kunze","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.14-0169","article-title":"Proteomic identification of proteins differentially expressed in response to resveratrol treatment in middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model","volume":"76","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-013-1052-x","article-title":"4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol confers neuroprotection through up-regulation of antioxidant protein expression","volume":"38","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.1016","article-title":"Gastrodia elata blume and an active component, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol reduce focal ischemic brain injury through antioxidant related gene expressions","volume":"28","author":"Yu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6597401","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6597401","article-title":"Prdx6 Upregulation by Curcumin Attenuates Ischemic Oxidative Damage via SP1 in Rats after Stroke","volume":"2017","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2021.101635","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin 6 secreted by Schwann-like cells protects neuron against ischemic stroke in rats via PTEN\/PI3K\/AKT pathway","volume":"73","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2021.11.043","article-title":"Knocking Down Peroxiredoxin 6 Aggravates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Enhancing Mitophagy","volume":"482","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00661.x","article-title":"Identification of proteins differentially expressed by melatonin treatment in cerebral ischemic injury\u2014A proteomics approach","volume":"46","author":"Sung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2023.01.003","article-title":"Peroxiredoxin-6 Released by Astrocytes Contributes to Neuroapoptosis During Ischemia","volume":"512","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shanshan, Y., Beibei, J., Li, T., Minna, G., Shipeng, L., Li, P., and Yong, Z. (2017). Phospholipase A2 of Peroxiredoxin 6 Plays a Critical Role in Cerebral Ischemia\/Reperfusion Inflammatory Injury. Front. Cell Neurosci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00099"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-024-01476-2","article-title":"PRDX6-iPLA2 aggravates neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke via regulating astrocytes-induced M1 microglia","volume":"22","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2013.01.002","article-title":"Transgenic mice over-expressing endothelial endothelin-1 show cognitive deficit with blood-brain barrier breakdown after transient ischemia with long-term reperfusion","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2016.59.6.544","article-title":"Proteomic Analysis of a Rat Cerebral Ischemic Injury Model after Human Cerebral Endothelial Cell Transplantation","volume":"59","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.028","article-title":"Ligustilide ameliorates neuroinflammation and brain injury in focal cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion rats: Involvement of inhibition of TLR4\/peroxiredoxin 6 signaling","volume":"71","author":"Kuang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/s44320-025-00101-9","article-title":"Spatial proteomics in translational and clinical research","volume":"21","author":"Horvath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02596-2","article-title":"Transcriptomics, single-cell sequencing and spatial sequencing-based studies of cerebral ischemia","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.98088","article-title":"Brain-targeted intranasal delivery of protein-based gene therapy for treatment of ischemic stroke","volume":"14","author":"Ryu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101186","article-title":"Monitoring cellular redox dynamics using newly developed BRET-based redox sensor proteins","volume":"297","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.030618","article-title":"Cell-Based Therapy for Stroke: Musing With Muse Cells","volume":"51","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Shi, L., Hu, B., Hong, Y., Zhang, H., Li, X., and Zhang, Y. (2021). Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Stroke: Current Understanding and Challenges. Front. Cell Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.628940"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/7\/640\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:19:10Z","timestamp":1775143150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/7\/640"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15070640"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15070640","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]}}}