{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:09:19Z","timestamp":1789834159862,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Fund of the Republic of Serbia, within the IDEAS projects. Acronym: EPOCHAL","award":["7749695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7749695"]}]},{"award":["7749695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7749695"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02r531a15","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The high incidence of thrombosis in lymphoma is largely due to chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying thrombus formation and fibrinolysis, we investigated interactions between circulating endothelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs), along with inflammatory signaling pathways, in patients with follicular lymphoma (FL), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), independent of the presence of thrombosis, compared to healthy controls by flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and fluorometric assays. We observed increased tissue factor (TF) expression on CD31+ endothelial cells in DLBCL and FL. In DLBCL, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression was elevated in MNCs, while reduced nitrite levels correlated with an advanced clinical stage in patients with thrombosis. In lymphoma, nuclear factor kappa B (NF\u03baB) signaling was activated in MNCs, while signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation was increased in DLBCL with thrombosis. Trans-endothelial migration of MNC was enhanced in HL, FL and DLBCL with thrombosis and reduced by inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) that promoted platelet aggregation like interleukin-6 (IL-6) in HL and FL. Fibrinolytic analyses showed reduced tissue type plasminogen activator in lymphoma, whereas increased urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) was linked to poorer total survival in DLBCL with thrombosis, suggesting a compensatory role in early thrombus resolution. These findings indicate that chronic inflammation promotes endothelial activation, dysregulated fibrinolysis, and increased vascular permeability, contributing to heightened thrombotic risk. This study provides mechanistic insight into lymphoma-associated thrombosis and identifies TF, uPA, and the inflammatory signaling pathways as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15080667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:09:31Z","timestamp":1775740171000},"page":"667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inflammatory Signaling and Endothelial Activation Drive Thrombosis in Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6305-8205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilija","family":"\u017divkovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3977-2780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivera","family":"Mitrovi\u0107-Ajti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2251-3011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Ivanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphoma Center, Clinic for Hematology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Dr Koste Todorovi\u0107a 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragoslava","family":"Djiki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5132-8319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tijana","family":"Suboti\u010dki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1171-5186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milo\u0161","family":"Dikli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0232-5322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Vukoti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9015-8351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teodora","family":"Dragojevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darko","family":"Anti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lymphoma Center, Clinic for Hematology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Dr Koste Todorovi\u0107a 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Suboti\u0107a starijeg 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0362-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladan P.","family":"\u010coki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5322","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-01-258624","article-title":"Thrombotic complications in adult patients with lymphoma: A meta-analysis of 29 independent cohorts including 18 018 patients and 1149 events","volume":"115","author":"Caruso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-0348-0837-8_12","article-title":"The role of inflammation in lymphoma","volume":"816","author":"Carbone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pky082","DOI":"10.1093\/jncics\/pky082","article-title":"Markers of Immune Activation and Inflammation, and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies","volume":"2","author":"Makgoeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"JNCI Cancer Spectr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017divkovi\u0107, E., Mitrovi\u0107-Ajti\u0107, O., Suboti\u010dki, T., Ivanovi\u0107, J., Ota\u0161evi\u0107, V., \u0110iki\u0107, D., Dikli\u0107, M., Vukoti\u0107, M., Dragojevi\u0107, T., and Stanisavljevi\u0107, D. (2025). Thromboinflammatory Biomarkers in Lymphomas: Linking Inflammation to Thrombosis Risk. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26052058"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-06119-x","article-title":"Exploring the crosstalk between endothelial cells, immune cells, and immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment: New insights and therapeutic implications","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wautier, J.L., and Wautier, M.P. (2021). Endothelial Cell Participation in Inflammatory Reaction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126341"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612827666210303143442","article-title":"Chronic Inflammation and Cancer: The Role of Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Malhab","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7056","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2023011379","article-title":"Impaired fibrinolysis and increased clot strength are potential risk factors for thrombosis in lymphoma","volume":"7","author":"Ommen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25171","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25171","article-title":"Tissue factor is induced by interleukin-33 in human endothelial cells: A new link between coagulation and inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Stojkovic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0b013e32835897d5","article-title":"Plasma tissue-type plasminogen activator increases fibrinolytic activity of exogenous urokinase-type plasminogen activator","volume":"23","author":"Shenkman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.213668","article-title":"Evaluation of Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor, Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor, and \u03b21 Integrin in Patients with Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma","volume":"6","author":"Kouhpayeh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2023.01.027","article-title":"JAK-STAT inhibition reduces endothelial prothrombotic activation and leukocyte-endothelial proadhesive interactions","volume":"21","author":"Beckman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-23-1200","article-title":"Tumor Cell-Intrinsic p38 MAPK Signaling Promotes IL1\u03b1-Mediated Stromal Inflammation and Therapeutic Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"84","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0280-5","article-title":"A roadmap of constitutive NF-\u03baB activity in Hodgkin lymphoma: Dominant roles of p50 and p52 revealed by genome-wide analyses","volume":"8","author":"Kaergel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-013-1545-4","article-title":"NF-\u03baB pathways in hematological malignancies","volume":"71","author":"Gasparini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/art.25060","article-title":"Involvement of MAPKs and NF-\u03baB in tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression in human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts","volume":"62","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01757-9","article-title":"NF-\u03baB in biology and targeted therapy: New insights and translational implications","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-021-01204-6","article-title":"Molecular biology of Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"35","author":"Weniger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-05-576140","article-title":"Reed-Sternberg cell-derived lymphotoxin-\u03b1 activates endothelial cells to enhance T-cell recruitment in classical Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"124","author":"Fhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-09-111948","article-title":"Cooperative signaling through the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and nuclear factor-\u03baB pathways in subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"111","author":"Lam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vega, G.G., Avil\u00e9s-Salas, A., Chalapud, J.R., Martinez-Paniagua, M., Pelayo, R., Mayani, H., Hernandez-Pando, R., Martinez-Maza, O., Huerta-Yepez, S., and Bonavida, B. (2015). P38 MAPK expression and activation predicts failure of response to CHOP in patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. BMC Cancer, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1778-8"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1161\/hh0801.089861","article-title":"Nitric oxide insufficiency, platelet activation, and arterial thrombosis","volume":"88","author":"Loscalzo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-11-4454","article-title":"Hydroxyurea induces the eNOS-cGMP pathway in endothelial cells","volume":"108","author":"Cokic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2012.11.049","article-title":"CD146, a multi-functional molecule beyond adhesion","volume":"330","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1675614","article-title":"Role of Endothelial Cells in Acute and Chronic Thrombosis","volume":"39","author":"Bochenek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hamostaseologie"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.29026","article-title":"Endothelial permeability and VE-cadherin: A wacky comradeship","volume":"8","author":"Gavard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Adhes. Migr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000239","article-title":"Endothelial functions of platelet\/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31)","volume":"23","author":"Lertkiatmongkol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hellenthal, K.E.M., Brabenec, L., and Wagner, N.M. (2022). Regulation and Dysregulation of Endothelial Permeability during Systemic Inflammation. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121935"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.11.006","article-title":"Permeability of the Endothelial Barrier: Identifying and Reconciling Controversies","volume":"27","author":"Dejana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2470","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000189309.05924.88","article-title":"Stimulated tissue plasminogen activator release as a marker of endothelial function in humans","volume":"25","author":"Oliver","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukhopadhyay, S., Johnson, T.A., Duru, N., Buzza, M.S., Pawar, N.R., Sarkar, R., and Antalis, T.M. (2019). Fibrinolysis and Inflammation in Venous Thrombus Resolution. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01348"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00552-1","article-title":"Interplay between inflammation and thrombosis in cardiovascular pathology","volume":"18","author":"Stark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"100790","article-title":"The protective role of localized nitric oxide production during inflammation may be mediated by the heme oxygenase-1\/carbon monoxide pathway","volume":"23","author":"Iwata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2014.01.020","article-title":"Absence of tissue factor is characteristic of lymphoid malignancies of both T- and B-cell origin","volume":"133","author":"Braggio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000000650","article-title":"Soluble endothelial cell molecules and circulating endothelial cells in patients with venous thromboembolism","volume":"28","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1914","article-title":"Dysfunctional endothelial progenitor cells in patients with Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma in complete remission","volume":"8","author":"Wiessman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-013-1112-0","article-title":"Correlation between increased circulating endothelial progenitor cells and stage of non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.10723","article-title":"Characterization and clinical relevance of circulating and biopsy-derived endothelial progenitor cells in lymphoma patients","volume":"92","author":"Igreja","year":"2007","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2025.01.009","article-title":"Basics of diagnosis and treatment of venous thromboembolism","volume":"23","author":"Cox","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21308","article-title":"Involvement of urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer: An overview","volume":"34","author":"Mekkawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.124.321603","article-title":"Profibrinolytic Factors and Cancer Progression, Metastasis, and Survival. Clinical studies have found that uPA, suPAR, and PAP are biomarkers of cancer progression, metastasis, and survival in some types of cancer","volume":"45","author":"Hisada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7259","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1137463100","article-title":"Involvement of multiple signaling pathways in follicular lymphoma transformation: P38-mitogen-activated protein kinase as a target for therapy","volume":"100","author":"Jenson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21086","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M001281200","article-title":"Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for tumor necrosis factor-alpha -supported proliferation of leukemia and lymphoma cell lines","volume":"275","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2008.03139.x","article-title":"Activation of the NF-\u03baB signalling pathway in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Clinical implications","volume":"53","author":"Espinosa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4520","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.45.6004","article-title":"Activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway is associated with poor survival in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"2118","article-title":"Serum interleukin 6 levels are elevated in lymphoma patients and correlate with survival in advanced Hodgkin\u2019s disease and with B symptoms","volume":"53","author":"Kurzrock","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13015","article-title":"Expression of tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 and its receptors in Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"167","author":"Nakayama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2020.106371","article-title":"High serum levels of IL-2R, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 are associated with higher tumor burden and poorer outcome of follicular lymphoma patients in the rituximab era","volume":"94","author":"Mozas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156289","article-title":"Cytokine profiles in patients with newly diagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: IL-6 and IL-10 levels are associated with adverse clinical features and poor outcomes","volume":"169","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000094","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 expression in tumor cells as a novel prognostic marker for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified","volume":"38","author":"Nakayama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12509","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-014-2569-6","article-title":"The association between the polymorphisms of TNF-\u03b1 and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0536","article-title":"Genetic variation in tumor necrosis factor and the nuclear factor-\u03baB canonical pathway and risk of non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"17","author":"Cerhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2011.02.015","article-title":"Nitric oxide affects IL-6 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells involving cGMP-dependent modulation of NF-\u03baB activity","volume":"54","author":"Siednienko","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.20144","article-title":"Nitric oxide modulation of low-density mononuclear cell transendothelial migration","volume":"25","author":"Isenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2001.01189.x","article-title":"Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms and nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity by B-cell non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphomas and multiple myeloma","volume":"39","author":"Mendes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200902200418","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase expression in Hodgkin\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Guida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davila, M., Lee, S.B., Kang, Y.P., Boucher, J., Mandula, J., Roselli, E., Chang, D., Jimenez, R., Kotani, H., and Reid, K. (2025). CAR T cell-driven induction of iNOS in tumor-associated macrophages promotes CAR T cell resistance in B cell lymphoma. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3481746\/v1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-008-9923-1","article-title":"Role of immunoexpression of nitric oxide synthases by Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells on apoptosis deregulation and on clinical outcome of classical Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"321","author":"Campos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/8\/667\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:14:05Z","timestamp":1775740445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/8\/667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15080667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15080667","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]}}}