{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T07:09:11Z","timestamp":1790233751622,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Germany","award":["15\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Germany","award":["14\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\/2022"]}]},{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, Germany","award":["12\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/2021"]}]},{"award":["15\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05591te55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["14\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05591te55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["12\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05591te55","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the identification of several mediators of arteriogenesis, the growth of natural bypass, the role of lymphocytes, particularly T cells, in this process remains poorly defined. Among these, \u03b3\u03b4 T cells, which express alternative T cell receptors, have emerged as a key immune component. This study examined the roles of \u03b1\u03b2 and \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in arteriogenesis using a murine hindlimb model. While the absence of \u03b1\u03b2 T cells did not affect arteriogenesis, \u03b3\u03b4 T cell depletion markedly reduced vascular cell proliferation and perfusion recovery. Early phase analyses revealed impaired mast cell activation, whereas platelet\u2013neutrophil aggregates and neutrophil extravasation were unaffected. In the later proliferative phase, \u03b3\u03b4 T cell depletion hindered perivascular M2-like (MRC1+) macrophage accumulation. Flow cytometric analysis of whole blood in wildtype mice revealed a temporal shift in \u03b3\u03b4 T cell populations from a CD27+\/CD39\u2212 phenotype, commonly associated with pro-inflammatory functions and IFN\u03b3 production, to CD39+ phenotypes, which have been linked to anti-inflammatory properties and IL-10 production. In rescue experiments, administration of IFN\u03b3 to \u03b3\u03b4 T cell-depleted mice restored mast cell activation, whereas IL-10 treatment reestablished M2-like (MRC1+) macrophage accumulation. These findings collectively identify \u03b3\u03b4 T cells as critical regulators of both early and late phases of arteriogenesis through coordinated inflammatory and regenerative mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15080709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:30:36Z","timestamp":1776443436000},"page":"709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Small Subset, Big Impact: Regulatory Function of \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells in Arteriogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kira-Sofie","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3882-7088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolin","family":"Baur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"K\u00fcbler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI) and Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Oral- and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Arnholdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konda","family":"Kumaraswami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Heim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3734-3666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Elbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4974-9783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael Reha","family":"Rohrmoser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Merkus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2134-0966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Deindl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research at the Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/mic.10.1.83.97","article-title":"Arteriogenesis: The development and growth of collateral arteries","volume":"10","author":"Helisch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019001392","article-title":"Extracellular RNA released due to shear stress controls natural bypass growth by mediating mechanotransduction in mice","volume":"134","author":"Lasch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, A., Baur, C., G\u00f6tz, P., Elbs, K., Lasch, M., Faro, A., Preissner, K., and Deindl, E. (2024). The Complement System Is Essential for Arteriogenesis by Enhancing Sterile Inflammation as a Relevant Step in Collateral Artery Growth. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13171405"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000126922.18222.F0","article-title":"Arteriogenesis proceeds via ICAM-1\/Mac-1- mediated mechanisms","volume":"94","author":"Hoefer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.07.040","article-title":"Perivascular Mast Cells Govern Shear Stress-Induced Arteriogenesis by Orchestrating Leukocyte Function","volume":"16","author":"Chillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304447","article-title":"Critical Role of Platelet Glycoprotein Ib\u03b1 in Arterial Remodeling","volume":"35","author":"Chandraratne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elbs, K., Bobrowski, L., Arnholdt, C., K\u00fcbler, M., G\u00f6tz, P., Rohrmoser, M.R., Merkus, D., Lasch, M., and Deindl, E. (2025). P2Y12-Inhibitor Clopidogrel Promotes Collateral Artery Growth in a Murine Hindlimb Model of Arteriogenesis. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13112790"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70044","DOI":"10.1111\/sji.70044","article-title":"Platelet-Activating Factor Promotes Neutrophil Activation and Platelet-Neutrophil Complex Formation","volume":"102","author":"Wohlgemuth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000122041.73808.B5","article-title":"Collateral artery growth (arteriogenesis) after experimental arterial occlusion is impaired in mice lacking CC-chemokine receptor-2","volume":"94","author":"Heil","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.01.047","article-title":"Leukocyte subpopulations and arteriogenesis: Specific role of monocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes","volume":"181","author":"Hoefer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2008.02.018","article-title":"Involvement of MMPs in the outward remodeling of collateral mesenteric arteries","volume":"47","author":"Haas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2017.08.002","article-title":"Chapter Eight\u2014Matrix Metalloproteinases, Vascular Remodeling, and Vascular Disease","volume":"Volume 81","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-07-0490","article-title":"Role of early growth response 1 in arteriogenesis: Impact on vascular cell proliferation and leukocyte recruitment in vivo","volume":"107","author":"Pagel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-083122-040624","article-title":"Bidirectional Communication Between the Innate and Adaptive Immune Systems","volume":"43","author":"Warrick","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114664","article-title":"Trained immunity is regulated by T cell-induced CD40-TRAF6 signaling","volume":"43","author":"Jacobs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2013.863306","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional plasticity of gamma-delta (\u03b3\u03b4) T cells in inflammation and tolerance","volume":"33","author":"Paul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39857-9","article-title":"Vgamma1 and Vgamma4 gamma-delta T cells play opposing roles in the immunopathology of traumatic brain injury in males","volume":"14","author":"Rezende","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnholdt, C., Kumaraswami, K., G\u00f6tz, P., K\u00fcbler, M., Lasch, M., and Deindl, E. (2022). Depletion of \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells Leads to Reduced Angiogenesis and Increased Infiltration of Inflammatory M1-like Macrophages in Ischemic Muscle Tissue. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091490"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiad046","article-title":"The role of gammadelta T cells in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory diseases: From basic biology to therapeutic targeting","volume":"114","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, K.F., Duarte, J.D.G., Ostrouska, S., and Behren, A. (2022). gammadelta T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment-Interactions with Other Immune Cells. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.894315"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corsale, A.M., Di Simone, M., Lo Presti, E., Dieli, F., and Meraviglia, S. (2023). gammadelta T cells and their clinical application in colon cancer. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1098847"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.08.001","article-title":"Interleukin-1 and IL-23 induce innate IL-17 production from gammadelta T cells, amplifying Th17 responses and autoimmunity","volume":"31","author":"Sutton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.70012","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4T Cells in IBD: Beneficial or Detrimental?","volume":"176","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bank, I. (2020). The Role of Gamma Delta T Cells in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020462"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2019.02.009","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"330","author":"Zarobkiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehad655.3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad655.3227","article-title":"Gamma-delta T cells: Their atherogenic actions and therapeutic potential in atherosclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Kyaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.175.1.49","article-title":"A protective role of gamma\/delta T cells in primary infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice","volume":"175","author":"Hiromatsu","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.154.8.3985","article-title":"Gamma delta T cells function in cell-mediated immunity to acute blood-stage Plasmodium chabaudi adami malaria","volume":"154","author":"Elloso","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0800fje","article-title":"Receptor-independent role of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator during arteriogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Deindl","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gotze, A.M., Schubert, C., Jung, G., Dorr, O., Liebetrau, C., Hamm, C.W., Schmitz-Rixen, T., Troidl, C., and Troidl, K. (2020). IL10 Alters Peri-Collateral Macrophage Polarization and Hind-Limb Reperfusion in Mice after Femoral Artery Ligation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082821"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baur, C., Geml, A., Wimmer, K.-S., Heim, F., Holschbach, A., Elbs, K., Rohrmoser, M.R., van den Heuvel, D., Bauer, A.T., and Schneider, S.W. (2025). An Expendable Player in Positive Vascular Remodeling? ADAMTS13 Deficiency Does Not Affect Arteriogenesis or Angiogenesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26189137"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f6tz, P., Azubuike-Osu, S.O., Braumandl, A., Arnholdt, C., K\u00fcbler, M., Richter, L., Lasch, M., Bobrowski, L., Preissner, K.T., and Deindl, E. (2022). Cobra Venom Factor Boosts Arteriogenesis in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158454"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Kumaraswami, K. (2023). Relevance of Lymphocytes in Collateral Artery Growth (Arteriogenesis). [Ph.D. Dissertation, LMU, Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1989","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2015.233","article-title":"Platelet-derived CXCL12 regulates monocyte function, survival, differentiation into macrophages and foam cells through differential involvement of CXCR4\u2013CXCR7","volume":"6","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119877","article-title":"Monocyte activation in angiogenesis and collateral growth in the rabbit hindlimb","volume":"101","author":"Arras","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030584","article-title":"Gamma delta T cells provide an early source of interferon gamma in tumor immunity","volume":"198","author":"Gao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24337","article-title":"Interferon-gamma promotes vascular remodeling in human microvascular endothelial cells by upregulating endothelin (ET)-1 and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta2","volume":"228","author":"Chrobak","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhat, J., Placek, K., and Faissner, S. (2022). Contemplating Dichotomous Nature of Gamma Delta T Cells for Immunotherapy. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.894580"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.11.023","article-title":"Dissecting the complexity of gammadelta T-cell subsets in skin homeostasis, inflammation, and malignancy","volume":"147","author":"Cibrian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.16364","article-title":"Gamma-delta (\u03b3\u03b4) T cell-derived cytokines (IL-4, IL-17, IFN-\u03b3 and IL-10) and their possible implications for atopic dermatitis development","volume":"62","author":"Fagundes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.05.037","article-title":"CD39: A new surface marker of mouse regulatory gd T cells","volume":"132","author":"Otsuka","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12918","article-title":"From thymus to periphery: Molecular basis of effector \u03b3\u03b4-T cell differentiation","volume":"298","author":"Fiala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumaraswami, K., Arnholdt, C., Deindl, E., and Lasch, M. (2023). Rag1 Deficiency Impairs Arteriogenesis in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612839"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000079225.50817.71","article-title":"Impaired Arteriogenic Response to Acute Hindlimb Ischemia in CD4-Knockout Mice","volume":"108","author":"Stabile","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.875583","article-title":"Regulatory T Cells Modulate Postischemic Neovascularization","volume":"120","author":"Zouggari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, H., and Tian, X.Y. (2020). The Role of Macrophages in Vascular Repair and Regeneration after Ischemic Injury. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176328"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Pierce, J., Neverson, J.C., Khan, R., Lee, C.F., Uppuluri, S., Parry, C., Amelotte, E., Butler, C.A., and Sellke, F.W. (2025). Macrophage Proangiogenic VEGF-A Is Required for Inflammatory Arteriogenesis During Vascular Injury. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13040828"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2174\/157016113804547629","article-title":"The temporal and spatial distribution of macrophage subpopulations during arteriogenesis","volume":"11","author":"Troidl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jetten, N., Donners, M.M., Wagenaar, A., Cleutjens, J.P., van Rooijen, N., de Winther, M.P., and Post, M.J. (2013). Local delivery of polarized macrophages improves reperfusion recovery in a mouse hind limb ischemia model. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068811"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10507","article-title":"Macrophage skewing by Phd2 haplodeficiency prevents ischaemia by inducing arteriogenesis","volume":"479","author":"Takeda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.12.010","article-title":"In vitro activation of mouse neutrophils by recombinant human interferon-gamma: Increased phagocytosis and release of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"18","author":"Marchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12524","article-title":"Interferon-gamma enhances both the anti-bacterial and the pro-inflammatory response of human mast cells to Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"146","author":"Swindle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-768.x","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 promotes the survival and Fc\u03b5RI-mediated histamine release in cultured human mast cells","volume":"89","author":"Yanagida","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI43598","article-title":"Identification of an IFN-\u03b3\/mast cell axis in a mouse model of chronic asthma","volume":"121","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01849.x","article-title":"Interferon-gamma activation of polymorphonuclear neutrophil function","volume":"112","author":"Ellis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.8.3723","article-title":"Phenotypic and cytokine analysis of human peripheral blood gamma delta T cells expressing NK cell receptors","volume":"159","author":"Battistini","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2012.0073","article-title":"Complex role of gammadelta T-cell-derived cytokines and growth factors in cancer","volume":"32","author":"Ramstead","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2018-0007","article-title":"Interferon-gamma (IFN-\u03b3): Exploring its implications in infectious diseases","volume":"9","author":"Kak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomol. Concepts"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4705","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.7.4705","article-title":"A comparison of mediators released or generated by IFN-gamma-treated human mast cells following aggregation of Fc gamma RI or Fc epsilon RI","volume":"166","author":"Okayama","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e113","article-title":"Interferon-gamma enhances phagocytosis, the production of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines-implications for innate and acquired immunity","volume":"1","author":"Marchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambruso, D., Briones, N., Baroffio, A., Murphy, J., Tran, A., Gowan, K., Sanford, B., Ellison, M., and Jones, K. (2022). In vivo interferon-gamma induced changes in gene expression dramatically alter neutrophil phenotype. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263370"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2019.101356","article-title":"Interleukin 17 (IL-17) manipulates mouse bone marrow-derived neutrophils in response to acute lung inflammation","volume":"67","author":"Chuammitri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10-1128","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00264-13","article-title":"Macrophage M1\/M2 Polarization Dynamically Adapts to Changes in Cytokine Microenvironments in Cryptococcus neoformans Infection","volume":"4","author":"Davis","year":"2013","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutolo, M., Campitiello, R., Gotelli, E., and Soldano, S. (2022). The Role of M1\/M2 Macrophage Polarization in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovitis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.867260"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2781","article-title":"Gammadelta T cell effector functions: A blend of innate programming and acquired plasticity","volume":"10","author":"Bonneville","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nri797","article-title":"Gammadelta T cells: Functional plasticity and heterogeneity","volume":"2","author":"Carding","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2894","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.5.2894","article-title":"Different potentials of gamma delta T cell subsets in regulating airway responsiveness: V gamma 1+ cells, but not V gamma 4+ cells, promote airway hyperreactivity, Th2 cytokines, and airway inflammation","volume":"172","author":"Hahn","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Li, G., Zhang, J., Wu, X., and Chen, X. (2020). The Dual Roles of Human gammadelta T Cells: Anti-Tumor or Tumor-Promoting. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.619954"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.03.003","article-title":"Recasting Human Vdelta1 Lymphocytes in an Adaptive Role","volume":"39","author":"Davey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72.38","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.210.Supp.72.38","article-title":"V\u03b41+ and V\u03b42+ gamma delta T cell subsets exert distinct functional profiles with aviremic HIV infection and aging","volume":"210","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-023-08966-0","article-title":"\u03b3\u03b4 T Cells and Allergic Diseases","volume":"65","author":"Hsu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1717","article-title":"CD27 is a thymic determinant of the balance between interferon-gamma- and interleukin 17-producing gammadelta T cell subsets","volume":"10","author":"Ribot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-8719.2010.00051.x","article-title":"Spatial and temporal coordination of bone marrow-derived cell activity during arteriogenesis: Regulation of the endogenous response and therapeutic implications","volume":"17","author":"Meisner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathews, J.A., Kasahara, D.I., Ribeiro, L., Wurmbrand, A.P., Ninin, F.M.C., and Shore, S.A. (2015). \u03b3\u03b4 T Cells Are Required for M2 Macrophage Polarization and Resolution of Ozone-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation in Mice. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131236"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiad087","article-title":"The mutual regulation between \u03b3\u03b4 T cells and macrophages during wound healing","volume":"115","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109545","article-title":"Spatiotemporal orchestration of macrophage activation trajectories by \u03b3\u03b4 T cells during skin wound healing","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-017-0622-5","article-title":"IL-10 improves cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction by stimulating M2 macrophage polarization and fibroblast activation","volume":"112","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2010.09.002","article-title":"Biology of interleukin-10","volume":"21","author":"Sabat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor. Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838354","article-title":"A subset of IL-10-producing gammadelta T cells protect the liver from Listeria-elicited, CD8(+) T cell-mediated injury","volume":"38","author":"Rhodes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taniguchi, T., Md Mannoor, K., Nonaka, D., Toma, H., Li, C., Narita, M., Vanisaveth, V., Kano, S., Takahashi, M., and Watanabe, H. (2017). A Unique Subset of gammadelta T Cells Expands and Produces IL-10 in Patients with Naturally Acquired Immunity against Falciparum Malaria. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01288"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal3535","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of IL-10 mediated by metabolic reprogramming of macrophages","volume":"356","author":"Ip","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000820","article-title":"M2A and M2C Macrophage Subsets Ameliorate Inflammation and Fibroproliferation in Acute Lung Injury Through Interleukin 10 Pathway","volume":"48","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arango Duque, G., and Descoteaux, A. (2014). Macrophage Cytokines: Involvement in Immunity and Infectious Diseases. Front. Immunol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00491"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-025-02137-3","article-title":"IL-10 targets IRF transcription factors to suppress IFN and inflammatory response genes by epigenetic mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Mishra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.233262","article-title":"Interleukin-10 Released by CD4+CD25+ Natural Regulatory T Cells Improves Microvascular Endothelial Function Through Inhibition of NADPH Oxidase Activity in Hypertensive Mice","volume":"31","author":"Kassan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161120666211227143459","article-title":"Interleukin-10 in the Vasculature: Pathophysiological Implications","volume":"20","author":"Freitas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, G., Wang, S., Zhou, Z., Jiang, D., Liao, A., and Luo, J. (2022). Comparing Mouse and Human Tissue-Resident gammadelta T Cells. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.891687"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.1.242","article-title":"Depletion of IL-10- and TGF-beta-producing regulatory gamma delta T cells by administering a daunomycin-conjugated specific monoclonal antibody in early tumor lesions augments the activity of CTLs and NK cells","volume":"163","author":"Seo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1","article-title":"Activation of the Complement System by Antibody-Antigen Complexes: The Classical Pathway","volume":"Volume 33","author":"Anfinsen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Advances in Protein Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(96)00187-7","article-title":"Aggravation of murine experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by administration of T-cell receptor \u03b3\u03b4-specific antibody","volume":"73","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.5.1557","article-title":"Cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for self tumor immunoglobulin express T cell receptor delta chain","volume":"169","author":"Wright","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rampoldi, F., Ullrich, L., and Prinz, I. (2020). Revisiting the Interaction of \u03b3\u03b4 T-Cells and B-Cells. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030743"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"E39","article-title":"Gammadelta T cells affect IL-4 production and B-cell tolerance","volume":"112","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.08.006","article-title":"Gammadelta T cells and the lymphoid stress-surveillance response","volume":"31","author":"Hayday","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/8\/709\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T16:34:28Z","timestamp":1776443668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/8\/709"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15080709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15080709","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]}}}