{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:37:18Z","timestamp":1787027838919,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012465","name":"Nemours Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008513","name":"Thomas Jefferson University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008513","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ysqcn41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3P20GM103446-23S8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3P20GM103446-23S8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["3P20GM103446-23S8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3P20GM103446-23S8"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q48ey07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a common birth complication that can cause death or lifelong disabling conditions like cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and autism. It is well established that maternal infection and inflammation are significant risk factors for HIE but reasons for this increase in neurological risk to the offspring remain unknown. Inflammation or infection are associated with epigenetic changes and may contribute to the increased risk of neurodevelopmental disability in exposed offspring. Here, we analyzed and compared DNA methylation patterns in brain monocytes isolated from control, maternal immune activation (MIA), and an inflammation sensitized HIE (IS-HIE) CF-1 mouse model at postnatal day 7. We found that maternal inflammation induced significant methylation differences in neonates relative to control samples in both MIA and IS-HIE samples with no significant differences identified between the MIA and IS-HIE groups. MIA samples showed hypermethylation at loci involving craniofacial development and transcription factors important for regulating neurodevelopment and immune function. MIA samples also demonstrated significant hypermethylation at multiple mitochondrial genome CpGs. These findings suggest that maternal inflammation induces epigenetic alterations in fetal brain immune cells that are detectable in neonates. These changes may contribute to heightened neurodevelopmental risk in offspring following hypoxic injury, highlighting potential molecular pathways for future therapeutic targeting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15080714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T12:01:22Z","timestamp":1776686482000},"page":"714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maternal Inflammation Alters Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Methylation Patterns in Neonatal Brain Monocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Andrew T.","family":"Ebenezer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Nemours Children\u2019s Hospital, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6312-484X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Research, Nemours Children\u2019s Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooke","family":"Hollander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Nemours Children\u2019s Hospital, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Hone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Nemours Children\u2019s Hospital, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9039-6149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona","family":"Batish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19707, USA"},{"name":"Delaware Data Science Institute, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9706-0752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Akins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Research, Nemours Children\u2019s Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA"},{"name":"Delaware Data Science Institute, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Marsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delaware Data Science Institute, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"},{"name":"School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2411-9351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Wright-Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Nemours Children\u2019s Hospital, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA"},{"name":"Division of Biomedical Research, Nemours Children\u2019s Health, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA"},{"name":"Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA"},{"name":"Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.16184","article-title":"Neuroprotection for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: A review of novel therapies evaluated in clinical studies","volume":"67","author":"Chan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev. 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