{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:58:52Z","timestamp":1785405532466,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01 NS038261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS038261"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["R01 AA027096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA027096"]}]},{"award":["R01 NS038261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS038261"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hssy432","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01 AA027096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA027096"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hssy432","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cells"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic pain, a complex multidimensional disorder, remains a major healthcare issue and a therapeutic challenge. Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain condition that results from damage or dysfunction in the nervous system. While mechanisms of neuropathic pain at the peripheral and spinal cord level have been extensively studied, pain mechanisms in the brain remain underexplored. The amygdala, a limbic brain region, has emerged as a critical brain area for the emotional\u2013affective dimension of pain and pain modulation. Amygdala neuroplasticity has been associated with pain states, but the exact molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these states and the transition from acute to chronic pain are not well understood. Here, we used the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of neuropathic pain in male rats to investigate changes in gene expression in the amygdala at the chronic pain stage using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Two amygdala nuclei, the basolateral (BLA) and central (CeA), were investigated in a hemisphere-dependent manner. We used an integrative approach that focuses on functional significance and cell-type specificity of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to nominate mechanistic targets for central regulation of chronic pain. Our integrative transcriptomic and bioinformatic analyses identified individual genes (e.g., Cxcl10, Cxcl12, Mbp, Plp1, Mag, Mog, Slc17a6, Gad1, and Sst), molecular pathways (e.g., cytokine-mediated signaling pathway), biological processes (e.g., myelination, synaptic transmission), and specific cell types (e.g., oligodendrocytes, glutamatergic, and GABAergic neurons) affected by chronic pain. Our results also provide some evidence for the emerging concept of hemispheric lateralization of pain processing in the amygdala. Overall, our study proposes oligodendrocyte dysfunction in the amygdala, neuroimmune signaling in the CeA, and glutamatergic neurotransmission in the BLA as key processes and potential therapeutic targets for the management of chronic neuropathic pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15090775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:31:56Z","timestamp":1777465916000},"page":"775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular Signatures of Maladaptive Plasticity in the Amygdala in a Rat Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2107-1866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peyton","family":"Presto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Cardenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2275-4263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Bustamante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3214-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brent R.","family":"Kisby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangchen","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Ponomareva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Neugebauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"},{"name":"Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Ponomarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Translational Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939","article-title":"The Revised International Association for the Study of Pain Definition of Pain: Concepts, Challenges, and Compromises","volume":"161","author":"Raja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17002","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.2","article-title":"Neuropathic Pain","volume":"3","author":"Colloca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.09.008","article-title":"Neural Mechanisms of Pain and Alcohol Dependence","volume":"112","author":"Apkarian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46450-2_13","article-title":"Amygdala Pain Mechanisms","volume":"227","author":"Neugebauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.11.026","article-title":"Painful Stimuli Evoke Potentials Recorded from the Medial Temporal Lobe in Humans","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22460","article-title":"Arthritic Pain Is Processed in Brain Areas Concerned with Emotions and Fear","volume":"56","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22199","article-title":"The Human Amygdala and Pain: Evidence from Neuroimaging","volume":"35","author":"Simons","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1113\/JP277196","article-title":"Projections, Where Art Thou: The State and Future of the Central Amygdala","volume":"597","author":"Becker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108052","article-title":"Amygdala, Neuropeptides, and Chronic Pain-Related Affective Behaviors","volume":"170","author":"Neugebauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84262","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.84262","article-title":"Multimodal Mapping of Cell Types and Projections in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00022","article-title":"Pathway-Specific Alterations of Cortico-Amygdala Transmission in an Arthritis Pain Model","volume":"9","author":"Kiritoshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00799.2002","article-title":"Differential Sensitization of Amygdala Neurons to Afferent Inputs in a Model of Arthritic Pain","volume":"89","author":"Neugebauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2468-16.2016","article-title":"5-HT2C Receptor Knockdown in the Amygdala Inhibits Neuropathic-Pain-Related Plasticity and Behaviors","volume":"37","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-014-0072-z","article-title":"Sensitization of Neurons in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala via the Decreased GABAergic Inhibition Contributes to the Development of Neuropathic Pain-Related Anxiety-like Behaviors in Rats","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray, P.R., Khan, J., Wangzhou, A., Tavares-Ferreira, D., Akopian, A.N., Dussor, G., and Price, T.J. (2019). Transcriptome Analysis of the Human Tibial Nerve Identifies Sexually Dimorphic Expression of Genes Involved in Pain, Inflammation, and Neuro-Immunity. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00037"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac266","article-title":"RNA Profiling of Human Dorsal Root Ganglia Reveals Sex Differences in Mechanisms Promoting Neuropathic Pain","volume":"146","author":"Ray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, S., Li, M., Wu, D., Cao, J., Ren, X., Tao, Y.X., and Zang, W. (2021). Gene Transcript Alterations in the Spinal Cord, Anterior Cingulate Cortex, and Amygdala in Mice Following Peripheral Nerve Injury. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.634810"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00166.2009","article-title":"Hemispheric Lateralization of Pain Processing by Amygdala Neurons","volume":"102","author":"Ji","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-4-24","article-title":"Hemispheric Lateralization of a Molecular Signal for Pain Modulation in the Amygdala","volume":"4","author":"Carrasquillo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101891","article-title":"Left and Right Hemispheric Lateralization of the Amygdala in Pain","volume":"196","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90041-9","article-title":"An Experimental Model for Peripheral Neuropathy Produced by Segmental Spinal Nerve Ligation in the Rat","volume":"50","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Presto, P., Ji, G., Junell, R., Griffin, Z., and Neugebauer, V. (2021). Fear Extinction-Based Inter-Individual and Sex Differences in Pain-Related Vocalizations and Anxiety-like Behaviors but Not Nocifensive Reflexes. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11101339"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2021.108456","article-title":"Kappa Opioid Receptor Activation in the Amygdala Disinhibits CRF Neurons to Generate Pain-like Behaviors","volume":"185","author":"Hein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"Fastp: An Ultra-Fast All-in-One FASTQ Preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4197","article-title":"Salmon: Fast and Bias-Aware Quantification of Transcript Expression Using Dual-Phase Inference","volume":"14","author":"Patro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D988","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1049","article-title":"Ensembl 2022","volume":"50","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Love, M.I., Soneson, C., Hickey, P.F., Johnson, L.K., Tessa Pierce, N., Shepherd, L., Morgan, M., and Patro, R. (2020). Tximeta: Reference Sequence Checksums for Provenance Identification in RNA-Seq. PLoS Comput. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007664"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616","article-title":"EdgeR: A Bioconductor Package for Differential Expression Analysis of Digital Gene Expression Data","volume":"26","author":"Robinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2009). Ggplot2, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D587","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac963","article-title":"KEGG for Taxonomy-Based Analysis of Pathways and Genomes","volume":"51","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: A Software Environment for Integrated Models of Biomolecular Interaction Networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01452-y","article-title":"Single-Nucleus Genomics in Outbred Rats with Divergent Cocaine Addiction-like Behaviors Reveals Changes in Amygdala GABAergic Inhibition","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2022.101121","article-title":"A Protocol to Extract Cell-Type-Specific Signatures from Differentially Expressed Genes in Bulk-Tissue RNA-Seq","volume":"3","year":"2022","journal-title":"STAR Protoc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.048","article-title":"Integrated Analysis of Multimodal Single-Cell Data","volume":"184","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3136-11.2012","article-title":"Gene Coexpression Networks in Human Brain Identify Epigenetic Modifications in Alcohol Dependence","volume":"32","author":"Ponomarev","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kisby, B.R., Farris, S.P., McManus, M.M., Varodayan, F.P., Roberto, M., Harris, R.A., and Ponomarev, I. (2021). Alcohol Dependence in Rats Is Associated with Global Changes in Gene Expression in the Central Amygdala. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11091149"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.034","article-title":"Basolateral to Central Amygdala Neural Circuits for Appetitive Behaviors","volume":"93","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0010-18.2018","article-title":"Quantified Coexpression Analysis of Central Amygdala Subpopulations","volume":"5","author":"McCullough","year":"2018","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00002.2003","article-title":"The Amygdaloid Complex: Anatomy and Physiology","volume":"83","author":"Sah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14188","article-title":"From Circuits to Behaviour in the Amygdala","volume":"517","author":"Janak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9256-1-9","article-title":"The Amygdala between Sensation and Affect: A Role in Pain","volume":"1","author":"Veinante","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap8586","article-title":"An Amygdalar Neural Ensemble That Encodes the Unpleasantness of Pain","volume":"363","author":"Corder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-37878-y","article-title":"The Basolateral Amygdala-Anterior Cingulate Pathway Contributes to Depression-like Behaviors and Comorbidity with Chronic Pain Behaviors in Male Mice","volume":"14","author":"Becker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1650-20.2020","article-title":"The Neuroimmunology of Chronic Pain: From Rodents to Humans","volume":"41","author":"Grace","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/68846","article-title":"CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and Their Receptor (CXCR3) in Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration","volume":"27","author":"Koper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1","article-title":"Role of CXCL10 in Central Nervous System Inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Michlmayr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Interferon Cytokine Mediat. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.76694","article-title":"Role of CXCL10 in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"19","author":"Qiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-022-00961-3","article-title":"Astrocytes in Chronic Pain: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"39","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2007.11.003","article-title":"Multiple Roles of Chemokine CXCL12 in the Central Nervous System: A Migration from Immunology to Neurobiology","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-022-02047-1","article-title":"Role of Chemokines in the Development and Progression of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"72","author":"Wojcieszak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-015-0007-4","article-title":"Upregulation of Chemokine CXCL12 in the Dorsal Root Ganglia and Spinal Cord Contributes to the Development and Maintenance of Neuropathic Pain Following Spared Nerve Injury in Rats","volume":"32","author":"Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynpai.2018.10.001","article-title":"Temporal and Sex Differences in the Role of BDNF\/TrkB Signaling in Hyperalgesic Priming in Mice and Rats","volume":"5","author":"Moy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-023-01673-6","article-title":"The Parabrachial to Central Amygdala Pathway Is Critical to Injury-Induced Pain Sensitization in Mice","volume":"49","author":"Wilson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3751","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-10-03751.1997","article-title":"Transneuronal Labeling of a Nociceptive Pathway, the Spino-(Trigemino-)Parabrachio-Amygdaloid, in the Rat","volume":"17","author":"Jasmin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61135","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.61135","article-title":"A Spinoparabrachial Circuit Defined by Tacr1 Expression Drives Pain","volume":"10","author":"Barik","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04223","article-title":"BDNF from Microglia Causes the Shift in Neuronal Anion Gradient Underlying Neuropathic Pain","volume":"438","author":"Coull","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gandhi, P.J., Gawande, D.Y., Shelkar, G.P., Gakare, S.G., Kiritoshi, T., Ji, G., Misra, B., Pavuluri, R., Liu, J., and Neugebauer, V. (2021). Dysfunction of Glutamate Delta-1 Receptor-Cerebellin 1 Trans-Synaptic Signaling in the Central Amygdala in Chronic Pain. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102644"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jossin, Y. (2020). Reelin Functions, Mechanisms of Action and Signaling Pathways During Brain Development and Maturation. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10060964"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112669","article-title":"Reelin Through the Years: From Brain Development to Inflammation","volume":"42","author":"Alexander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.04.049","article-title":"Nos1+ and Nos1\u2212 Excitatory Neurons in the BLA Regulate Anxiety- and Depression-Related Behaviors Oppositely","volume":"333","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."}],"container-title":["Cells"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/9\/775\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:53:16Z","timestamp":1777467196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4409\/15\/9\/775"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["cells15090775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15090775","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.64898\/2026.01.05.697820","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2073-4409"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4409","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]}}}